Survival of Clostridium difficile spores at low temperatures

Deng, Kai; Plaza-Garrido, Ángela; Torres, J. Antonio; Paredes-Sabja, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.fm.2014.07.022

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Previously, we have shown that spores stored for 6 months at room temperature were viable and exhibited a germination efficiency similar to or higher than that of freshly prepared spores (25). Here we demonstrate that 6-month-old spores also retain most of their exosporium material, yet the apparent loss of the hairlike extensions in the 6-month-old spores analyzed might have implications for spore adherence to host mucosal surfaces, inert surfaces, and hand skin that remain to be elucidated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ultrastructural Variability of the Exosporium Layer of Clostridium difficile Spores

Pizarro-Guajardo

Calderón-Romero

Castro-Córdova

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The anaerobic sporeformer Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea in developed and developing countries. The metabolically dormant spore form is considered the transmission, infectious, and persistent morphotype, and the outermost exosporium layer is likely to play a major role in spore-host interactions during the first contact of C. difficile spores with the host and for spore persistence during recurrent episodes of infection. Although some studies on the biology of the exosporium have been conducted ( , there is a lack of information on the ultrastructural variability and stability of this layer. In this work, using transmission electron micrographs, we analyzed the variability of the spore's outermost layers in various strains and found distinctive variability in the ultrastructural morphotype of the exosporium within and between strains. Through transmission electron micrographs, we observed that although this layer was stable during spore purification, it was partially lost after 6 months of storage at room temperature. These observations were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, where a significant decrease in the levels of two exosporium markers, the N-terminal domain of BclA1 and CdeC, was observed. It is also noteworthy that the presence of the exosporium marker CdeC on spores obtained from C. difficile biofilms depended on the biofilm culture conditions and the strain used. Collectively, these results provide information on the heterogeneity and stability of the exosporium surface of C. difficile spores. These findings have direct implications and should be considered in the development of novel methods to diagnose and/or remove C. difficile spores by using exosporium proteins as targets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ultrastructural Variability of the Exosporium Layer of Clostridium difficile Spores

Pizarro-Guajardo

Calderón-Romero

Castro-Córdova

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In this respect it was noted that the restoration of ribotype 078 spore levels in loam coincided with high temperatures and moisture, both conducive to the growth of Cl. difficile (Rupnik and Songer 2010;Deng et al 2015). The growth of Cl.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Clostridium difficile in wastewater treatment-derived biosolids during land application or windrow composting

Wang

Huber

et al. 2016

J Appl Microbiol

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“…La eficiencia de germinación (i.e., el número de unidades formadoras de colonia por partículas de esporas) de las esporas de aislados clínicos de C. difficile varía entre 0,1 y 25% del total de las esporas 96,97 , muy por debajo del 70 a 90% de eficiencia de germinación observados en esporas de otras especies como B. subtilis y Clostridium perfringens 98 . Estudios nuestros recientes, indican que esta capa de exosporium se pierde después de cuatro meses de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente, incrementando la eficiencia de germinación de las esporas en hasta 100 veces 108 . En resumen, a diferencia de la elevada eficiencia de germinación de esporas (i.e., 70 a 90% del total de esporas) observadas en otras especies 98 , la baja eficiencia de este proceso en C. difficile podría permitir su persistencia por períodos prolongados de tiempo en el tracto colónico del hospedero.…”

Section: Reactivación De Las Esporas De C Difficile: Germinantes Y Gunclassified

Esporas de Clostridium difficile y su relevancia en la persistencia y transmisión de la infección

Barra-Carrasco

Hernández-Rocha

Ibáñez

et al. 2014

Rev. chil. infectol.

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Clostridium difficile spores and its relevance in the persistence and transmission of the infection C. difficile is an anaerobic spore former pathogen and the most important etiologic agent of nosocomial and community acquired antibiotics associated diarrheas. C. difficile infections (CDI) are responsible for an elevated rate of morbidity in developed and developing countries. Although the major virulence factors responsible for clinical symptoms of CDI are the two toxins TcdA and TcdB, C. difficile spores are the main vehicle of infection, persistence and transmission of CDI. Recent work has unrevealed unique properties of C. difficile spores that make them remarkable morphotypes of persistence and transmission in the host, including their resistance to antibiotics, the host immune response and disinfectants. The present review summarizes relevant aspects of C. difficile spore biology that have major implications from a clinical and medical perspective.

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Survival of Clostridium difficile spores at low temperatures

Cited by 25 publications

References 28 publications

Ultrastructural Variability of the Exosporium Layer of Clostridium difficile Spores

Ultrastructural Variability of the Exosporium Layer of Clostridium difficile Spores

Persistence of Clostridium difficile in wastewater treatment-derived biosolids during land application or windrow composting

Esporas de Clostridium difficile y su relevancia en la persistencia y transmisión de la infección

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