Survival of actively cooled microvascular polymer matrix composites under sustained thermomechanical loading

Coppola, Anthony M.; Warpinski, Luke G.; Murray, Sean P.; Sottos, Nancy R.; White, Scott R.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.12.010

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…[27,83] Aside from structural damage, deterioration from thermal loads is also a concern for epoxy-matrix composites, specifically as the thermoset matrix transforms from a glassy to a rubbery state near the glass transition temperature. [12] However, multifunctional microvasculature can be further leveraged to provide an additional ability for combating thermal degradation via circulation of liquids [13] or gaseous coolants. [44]…”

Section: Structural Integritymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 1 ] These functionalities are largely enabled by fluid transport via internal vasculatures. [ 2,3 ] Mimicking microvasculature in synthetic materials has proven to be a viable route for achieving bio‐inspired, multi‐functionality such as self‐healing, [ 4–9 ] active‐cooling, [ 10–14 ] electromagnetic reconfiguration, [ 15–19 ] and structural health monitoring. [ 20–23 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

microvasculature in synthetic materials has proven to be a viable route for achieving bio-inspired, multi-functionality such as self-healing, [4][5][6][7][8][9] active-cooling, [10][11][12][13][14] electromagnetic reconfiguration, [15][16][17][18][19] and structural health monitoring. [20][21][22][23] Early approaches for creating vasculature relied on embedding permanent hollow elements, [24][25][26] removal of temporary cores, [27][28][29] or micro-machining; [30][31][32] however, such approaches can only produce straight (i.e., 1D), segregated microchannels.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Microvascular‐Based Multifunctional and Reconfigurable Metamaterial

Devi

Pejman

Phillips

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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Nearly all‐natural and synthetic composites derive their characteristic attributes from a hierarchical makeup. Engineered metamaterials exhibit properties not existing in natural composites by precise patterning, often periodically on size scales smaller than the wavelength of the phenomenon they influence. Lightweight fiber‐reinforced polymer composites, comprising stiff/strong fibers embedded within a continuous matrix, offer a superior structural platform for micro‐architectured metamaterials. The emergence of microvascular fiber‐composites, originally conceived for bioinspired self‐healing via microchannels filled with functional fluids, provides a unique pathway for dynamic reconfigurable behavior. Demonstrated here is the new ability to modulate both electromagnetic and thermal responses within a single structural composite by fluid substitution within a serpentine vasculature. Liquid metal infiltration of varying density micro‐channels alters polarized radio‐frequency wave reflection, while water circulation through the same vasculature enables active‐cooling. This latest approach to control bulk property plurality by widespread vascularization exhibits minimal impact on structural performance. Detailed experimental/computational studies, presented in this paper, unravel the effects of micro‐vascular topology on macro‐mechanical behavior. The results, spanning multiple physics, provide a new benchmark for future design optimization and real‐world application of multifunctional and adaptive microvascular composite metamaterials.

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Section: Structural Integritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Microvascular‐Based Multifunctional and Reconfigurable Metamaterial

Devi

Pejman

Phillips

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…[1][2][3][4] Optical fibers were put between prepregs during lay-up, and then all the layers together with optical fibers were pressed together at a specific pressure and temperature. In some researches, [5][6][7] microvascular network was used to achieve the thermal management of composite structures. A coolant was circulated in the microvascular network to actively cool the structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of resin pocket geometry around rigid fiber inclusion in composite laminate by hot-pressing of prepregs

Cheng

Zhang

et al. 2019

Journal of Composite Materials

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In this paper, two analytic methods are presented to predict the geometry of resin pockets formed around rigid fiber inclusions at the interlayer of unidirectional prepregs. The bending strain energy is calculated on fiber scale in one method, while it is calculated on layer scale in the other method. For the fiber scale method, several fibers in thickness direction are tied together to account for the bending stiffness increase caused by the interaction between fibers. And for the layer scale method, a single ply is divided into several sublayers to account for the bending stiffness decrease caused by the sliding between adjacent fibers. Both analytic methods can provide the closed-form solution for the resin pocket width, and the analytic results agree well with experimental results. The physical consistency of two methods is proved. It is found that the resin pocket size depends mainly on ply angles of the plies close to the inclusion, and the stacking sequence has some effect.

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“…Biological systems contain hierarchical vascular networks to mediate nutrient and fluid transport for repair, thermal regulation, and waste removal . The incorporation of microchannels in synthetic matrices enables heat and mass transport in microfluidics, − microelectronics, − CO 2 sequestration, , flow batteries, heat exchangers, actively cooled structures, − and self-healing structures. − Several strategies have been adopted to create such microvascular structures including laser ablation, dissolution, , lithography, ,, electrostatic discharge, melting, ,− and template vaporization. ,,,,, The catalyst-assisted thermal depolymerization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) templates embedded in thermoset polymers and composites enables the fabrication of multifunctional vascular structures with versatile control over the size and complexity of the microchannels. ,,, This technique, termed as the vaporization of sacrificial components (VaSC), is energy-intensive (typically 200 °C for 12 h), consuming 85 MJ of thermal energy for a 1 m-long host structure . Furthermore, the VaSC of PLA templates is limited to host matrices that can sustain this thermal treatment without deformation or degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sacrificial Cyclic Poly(phthalaldehyde) Templates for Low-Temperature Vascularization of Polymer Matrices

Garg

Ladd

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Sacrificial polymers that depolymerize into small molecules upon exposure to an external stimulus facilitate the fabrication of synthetic structures with embedded vascular networks. Many sacrificial polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycarbonates possess high thermal stability, leading to a time- and energy-intensive vascularization process. Furthermore, the use of these polymer templates is limited to high-temperature-resistant (>180 °C) matrices. Here, we demonstrate the rapid vascularization of a range of host matrices through the thermally triggered depolymerization of cyclic poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA) at temperatures near 100 °C. Complete mass loss of solvent-cast cPPA films is observed within 2 h at 100 °C in a thermogravimetric analyzer and after embedding in poly(dicyclopentadiene) matrices. The thermal processing of cPPA into sacrificial templates for inverse vascular architectures is hindered due to depolymerization at low temperatures. We successfully overcome these templating challenges by using solution spinning and 3D printing to fabricate fibers and printed templates, respectively. Microchannels are created inside low glass transition temperature (42 and 65 °C) epoxy-based matrices by depolymerizing the embedded fibers and printed templates within 1 h at 110 °C. This low-temperature cPPA evacuation protocol enables the vascularization of matrices that would not survive the harsh thermal cycle required for depolymerizing existing sacrificial polymers. Moreover, cPPA depolymerization affords a fivefold reduction in the thermal energy consumed during template removal compared to PLA.

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Survival of actively cooled microvascular polymer matrix composites under sustained thermomechanical loading

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

A Microvascular‐Based Multifunctional and Reconfigurable Metamaterial

A Microvascular‐Based Multifunctional and Reconfigurable Metamaterial

Prediction of resin pocket geometry around rigid fiber inclusion in composite laminate by hot-pressing of prepregs

Sacrificial Cyclic Poly(phthalaldehyde) Templates for Low-Temperature Vascularization of Polymer Matrices

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