Survival Estimates for Juvenile Fish Subjected to a Laboratory‐Generated Shear Environment

Neitzel, D.A.; Dauble, Dennis D.; Cada, G.F.; Richmond, Marshall C.; Guensch, Greg R.; Mueller, Robert P.; Abernethy, C. Scott; Amidan, Brett G.

doi:10.1577/02-021

Cited by 96 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Major injury was classified as life-threatening injuries such as severe bruising, bleeding, tearing, creasing, multiple injuries, or prolonged swimming impairment, disorientation, and loss of equilibrium. These classifications followed those established by Neitzel et al (2004).…”

Section: Shear Injury Response Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In a set of separate laboratory studies, juvenile fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawythscha) and Sensor Fish were exposed to turbulent shear flows to determine how hydraulic conditions affected fish injury response (Neitzel et al 2004). The studies were designed to establish correlation metrics between Sensor Fish measurements and live fish injuries by conducting concurrent releases in a range of turbulent shear flows.…”

Section: Shear Injury Response Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four general approaches are currently being applied in the development of safer turbines and spillways: 1) direct evaluation of turbine passage injury and mortality rates and other aspects of risk of injury (biological response) in field studies utilizing balloon-tagged fish and Sensor Fish (Mathur et al 1996(Mathur et al , 2000Carlson et al 2003); 2) laboratory studies to establish the biological criteria for fish injury and mortality by quantifying the hydraulic forces required to produce biological responses observed in field studies (Turnpenny 1998;Johnson et al 2003;Neitzel et al 2004;Deng et al 2005b); 3) application of reduced-scale physical models (Hecker and Cook 2005); and 4) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques to explore and evaluate turbine design and operation alternatives (Rakowski et al 2005;Cada et al 2006b). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Biological assessment of the advanced turbine design at Wanapum Dam, 2005

Dauble

Richmond

et al. 2007

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Executive SummaryThis report summarizes the results of studies sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to evaluate the biological performance of an advanced design turbine installed at Unit 8 of Wanapum Dam on the Columbia River in 2005. In all studies, paired comparisons were made between Unit 8 and a conventional Kaplan turbine, Unit 9. PNNL studies included an evaluation of blade-strike using deterministic and probabilistic models, integrated analysis of the response of the Sensor Fish to severe hydraulic events within the turbine system, and a novel dye technique to measure injury to juvenile salmonids in the field.The first study involved applying deterministic and stochastic blade-strike models to the advanced and existing turbine designs. Modeled probabilities were compared to results of Sensor Fish releases and injury/mortality of balloon-tagged fish under the same operational parameters. The new advanced design turbine had slightly higher modeled injury rates than the existing turbine design; however, there was no statistical evidence that suggested significant differences in blade-strike probabilities. Overall, injury rates predicted by the deterministic model were higher than experimental rates of injury while those predicted by the stochastic model were in close agreement. Fish orientation at the time of entry into the plane of the leading edges of the turbine runner blades is an important factor contributing to uncertainty in modeled results.A second study focused on expanded analysis of Sensor Fish data through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and other analytical techniques. The Sensor Fish data was collected in conjunction with balloon tag tests involving juvenile Chinook salmon. Sensor Fish pressure and acceleration measurements were analyzed to identify characteristic signatures in each passage time history. These signatures were used, together with CFD and streamline plots, to identify the frequency and location of significant acceleration events such as collisions and shear. The Sensor Fish data were divided into four regions for each release condition (i.e., turbine, discharge, release pipe depth, and intake bay). Events were classified as either collision or shear and by severity level. The majority (80%) of severe acceleration events were due to collision. When all four regions were pooled, the two turbine units had similar probability of severe collisions (i.e., 20%). Unit 8 (advanced turbine) had fewer severe shear events (1.1%) than unit 9 (3.4%), but Unit 8 had more slight shear events (29.3%) than Unit 9 (19.7%). Although mean pressure nadirs recorded by Sensor Fish were consistently higher for Unit 8, values were highly variable. Thus, there was no overall evidence of correlation with Sensor Fish collision events and measured pressure nadir. The overall predicted shear injury rates were 3.1% for Unit 8 and 4.4% for Unit 9. This compared to observed injury rates of 1.1% and 0.9% for Units 8 and 9...

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Section: Shear Injury Response Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Shear Injury Response Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological assessment of the advanced turbine design at Wanapum Dam, 2005

Dauble

Richmond

et al. 2007

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“…The use of shear flumes, where fish can be exposed to user-defined levels of shear stress created by a high pressure jet, is a useful way of identifying the upper tolerances of fish. 37,38 C. Pressure-related injuries All fish that pass through a regulator or mini hydro turbine experience pressure change, 33 the severity of which is dictated by the route of passage, type of infrastructure, and the operating head. A rapid decompression can expand gas-filled organs in the fish or cause gas in the blood to come out of solution.…”

Section: B Shear Stress Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizations of photovoltaic cells including the minimization of internal heat sources

Dupré

Vaillon

2013

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

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International audienceA new approach is introduced and illustrated for optimizing the performances of photovoltaic cells. A thermal criterion, the minimization of the internal heat sources, is added to the usual criteria that consist of minimizing the optical and electrical losses. A proof of concept is delivered by means of modeling in the case of a standard crystalline silicon (cSi) cell for which the dependence on temperature of optical, electrical, and thermal properties is well known. A numerical code named TASC-1D-cSi simulating the optical-radiative, electrical, and thermal behaviors of cSi solar cells is used. Besides the current-voltage characteristics, this simulation tool provides the spectral variations of the thermalization, recombination, and radiative internal heat sources as well as the equilibrium temperature of the cell which depends on the outdoor conditions. The cell or the anti-reflection coating thickness is varied while the other parameters are prescribed. It is demonstrated in given outdoor conditions that considering the minimization of the internal total heat source in addition to the minimization of the optical and electrical losses modifies significantly the value of each of these parameters that maximizes the output power of the cell. For example, in a thermal condition with natural convection at the front and insulation at the back of the cell, the optimum cell thickness is found to be 55 μm and the optimum antireflection coating thickness 87 nm, instead of, respectively, 75 μm and 80 nm when the cell is maintained at 25 °C. These results suggest that a thermal design rule involving the internal heat source might be included in the improvement of solar cells at use and in the development of the next generation photovoltaics

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“…Studies conducted at PNNL (Neitzel et al 2004) have shown that fish can be directly injured or killed by exposure to shear and turbulence and that temporary disability, such as stunning, increases indirect mortality by predation. These experiments related fish injuries to the fluid environment in a general manner; missing are detailed measurements of the bending and torsion of the parts of the fish body, total force acting on the fish, and how these are related to the observed injuries.…”

Section: Biomechanics Cfdmentioning

confidence: 99%