Survival and Growth in vitro of Paramoeba perurans Populations Cultured Under Different Salinities and Temperatures

Prevalence of six amoeba species colonising the gills of farmed Atlantic salmon with amoebic gill disease (AGD) using qPCR

“…Instead, the time point with the coolest water temperature of 11.9°C, Aug 2017, had the highest N. perurans infection prevalence (92.5%) and load at this lease. This observation supports that N. perurans are very adaptable to environmental parameters (Lima et al 2016, Collins et al 2019 and infectious over a range of temperatures and salinities (Clark & Nowak 1999).…”

“…AGD prevalence has been shown to peak in summer, followed by a second spike in autumn, and this also correlated with higher water temperature and salinity (Clark & Nowak 1999). Similarly, an in vitro growth optimisation study found peak N. perurans growth occurs at 15°C and a salinity of 35 ppt (Collins et al 2019). However, the Killala lease did not reflect that higher Tasmanian water temperatures support the highest N. perurans infection prevalence and load.…”

The diversity and pathogenicity of amoebae on the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with amoebic gill disease (AGD)

“…In vitro experiments also support this observation, as peak N. perurans growth occurred at 15°C and a salinity of 35 ppt (Collins et al, 2019), which is broadly reflective of ocean conditions during summer in Tasmania. However, N. perurans is highly adaptable to changes in environmental conditions (Collins et al, 2019;Lima et al, 2016), and is infectious over a range of temperatures and salinities (Clark and Nowak, 1999). Other factors proposed to influence AGD onset and severity are salmon stocking density (Crosbie et al, 2010a;Wright et al, 2017), and the bacterial community on salmon gills (Embar-Gopinath et al, 2005).…”

“…AGD prevalence in Tasmania has been shown to peak in summer, followed by a second spike in autumn, and these periods correlate with higher water temperature and salinity (Clark and Nowak, 1999). In vitro experiments also support this observation, as peak N. perurans growth occurred at 15°C and a salinity of 35 ppt (Collins et al, 2019), which is broadly reflective of ocean conditions during summer in Tasmania. However, N. perurans is highly adaptable to changes in environmental conditions (Collins et al, 2019;Lima et al, 2016), and is infectious over a range of temperatures and salinities (Clark and Nowak, 1999).…”

“…AGD prevalence has been shown to peak in summer, followed by a second spike in autumn, and this also correlated with higher water temperature and salinity (Clark and Nowak, 1999). Similarly, an in vitro growth optimisation study found peak N. perurans growth occurs at 15°C and a salinity of 35 ppt (Collins et al, 2019). However, the Killala lease did not reflect that higher Tasmanian water temperatures support the highest N. perurans infection prevalence and load.…”