Surveying Solid-State Transformer Structures and Controls: Providing Highly Efficient and Controllable Power Flow in Distribution Grids

Allende, Felipe Ruiz; Pérez, Marcelo A.; Espinosa, J. R.; Gajowik, Tomasz; Styński, Sebastian; Malinowski, Mariusz

doi:10.1109/mie.2019.2950436

Cited by 90 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…A dual active bridge (DAB) DC-DC converter, shown in Figure 1, is widely employed in modern electrical power generation and distribution systems for bidirectional power transfer between two DC sources with galvanic isolation [1]. DAB DC-DC converters are normally applied in solid-state transformers (SSTs) for photovoltaic and wind energy systems [2][3][4], on-board battery chargers in electric vehicles [5], railway traction systems [6,7], electric aircraft applications [8], and grid energy storage systems [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Comparison of Ferrite and Nanocrystalline Cores for Medium-Frequency Transformer of Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter

et al. 2021

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This article reports an investigation into ferrite and nanocrystalline materials for the medium-frequency transformer of a dual active bridge DC-DC converter, which plays a key role in the converter’s efficiency and power density. E65 MnZn ferrite cores and toroidal and cut nanocrystalline cores are selected for the construction of 20-kHz transformers. Transformer performance is evaluated with a 1.1-kW (42–54 V)/400 V dual active bridge DC-DC converter with single-phase shift and extended phase shift modulations. The experimental results indicate that the toroidal nanocrystalline transformer had the best performance with an efficiency range of 98.5–99.2% and power density of 12 W/cm3, whereas the cut-core nanocrystalline transformer had an efficiency range of 98.4–99.1% with a power density of 9 W/cm3, and the ferrite transformer had an efficiency range of 97.6–98.8% with a power density of 6 W/cm3. A small mismatch in the circuit parameters is found to cause saturation in the nanocrystalline toroidal core, due to its high permeability. The analytical and experimental results suggest that cut nanocrystalline cores are suitable for the dual active bridge DC-DC converter transformers with switching frequencies up to 100 kHz.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Comparison of Ferrite and Nanocrystalline Cores for Medium-Frequency Transformer of Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter

et al. 2021

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“…The efficiency is worsened under different grid conditions, such as low power factor [105]. In light-load scenarios, the power converters of the HDT can be utilized to improve the efficiency [106].…”

Section: Losses In Distribution Transformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers

et al. 2021

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Distribution systems are under constant stress due to their highly variable operating conditions, which jeopardize distribution transformers and lines, degrading the end-user service. Due to transformer regulation, variable loads can generate voltage profiles out of the acceptable bands recommended by grid codes, affecting the quality of service. At the same time, nonlinear loads, such as diode bridge rectifiers without power factor correction systems, generate nonlinear currents that affect the distribution transformer operation, reducing its lifetime. Variable loads can be commonly found at domiciliary levels due to the random operation of home appliances, but recently also due to electric vehicle charging stations, where the distribution transformer can cyclically vary between no-load, rated and overrated load. Thus, the distribution transformer can not safely operate under highly-dynamic and stressful conditions, requiring the support of alternative systems. Among the existing solutions, hybrid transformers, which are composed of a conventional transformer and a power converter, are an interesting alternative to cope with several power quality problems. This article is a review of the available literature about hybrid distribution transformers.

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“…Several authors proposed topologies for STs and several reviews grouped them by certain characteristics, like power conversion stages or the adopted converter architecture [12], [13]. The installation of the ST in the electricity grid is motivated by the services it can provide.…”

Section: A Hardware Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart transformer/large flexible transformer

Zhu

Andresen

Langwasser

et al. 2020

Trans. Electr. Mach. Syst.

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Surveying Solid-State Transformer Structures and Controls: Providing Highly Efficient and Controllable Power Flow in Distribution Grids

Cited by 90 publications

References 103 publications

Performance Comparison of Ferrite and Nanocrystalline Cores for Medium-Frequency Transformer of Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter

Performance Comparison of Ferrite and Nanocrystalline Cores for Medium-Frequency Transformer of Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter

Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers

Smart transformer/large flexible transformer

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