Survey on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces below 10 GHz

Tapio, Visa; Hemadeh, Ibrahim A.; Mourad, Alain; Shojaeifard, Arman; Juntti, Markku

doi:10.1186/s13638-021-02048-5

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…It supports IRS to configure the wavefronts in order to achieve beam steering, absorption, filtering, localization, collimation, sensing, polarization and filtering. Two basic methods to achieve focusing and steering are conventional antenna arrays and metasurfaces [ 38 ]. Figure 4 presents the basic hardware architecture of IRS.…”

Section: An Overview Of Irs and Uav Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Assisted UAV Communications for Massive Networks: Current Trends, Challenges, and Research Directions

Mohsan

Khan

Alsharif

et al. 2022

Sensors

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A intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can intelligently configure wavefronts such as amplitude, frequency, phase, and even polarization through passive reflections and without requiring any radio frequency (RF) chains. It is predicted to be a revolutionizing technology with the capability to alter wireless communication to enhance both spectrum and energy efficiencies with low expenditure and low energy consumption. Similarly, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has attained a significant interest by research fraternity due to high mobility, flexible deployment, and easy integration with other technologies. However, UAV communication can face obstructions and eavesdropping in real-time scenarios. Recently, it is envisaged that IRS and UAV can combine together to achieve unparalleled opportunities in difficult environments. Both technologies can achieve enhanced performance by proactively altering the wireless propagation through maneuver control and smart signal reflections in three-dimensional space. This study briefly discusses IRS-assisted UAV communications. We survey the existing literature on this emerging research topic for both ground and airborne scenarios. We highlight several emerging technologies and application scenarios for future wireless networks. This study goes one step further to elaborate research opportunities to design and optimize wireless systems with low energy footprint and at low cost. Finally, we shed some light on open challenges and future research directions for IRS-assisted UAV communication.

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Section: An Overview Of Irs and Uav Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Assisted UAV Communications for Massive Networks: Current Trends, Challenges, and Research Directions

Mohsan

Khan

Alsharif

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…In the literature, some survey papers covered IRS-based technologies [ 7 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Liu et al [ 7 ] provided fundamental principals of IRS communication and interactions with electromagnetic signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study in [ 25 ] conducted a survey on the IRS operation principle, metasurface fundamentals, IRS implementation structure, field-programmable gate-array-based IRS, and future research directions for IRS. Another study in [ 26 ] focused on a state-of-the-art survey of IRS-assisted technology below a 10 GHz frequency. The authors surveyed the IRS reflecting antenna array operation principle using microstrip patch antennas and adaptation in a wireless communication system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning for Intelligent-Reflecting-Surface-Based Wireless Communication towards 6G: A Review

Sejan

Rahman

Shin

et al. 2022

Sensors

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An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a programmable device that can be used to control electromagnetic waves propagation by changing the electric and magnetic properties of its surface. Therefore, IRS is considered a smart technology for the sixth generation (6G) of communication networks. In addition, machine learning (ML) techniques are now widely adopted in wireless communication as the computation power of devices has increased. As it is an emerging topic, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art on ML, especially on deep learning (DL)-based IRS-enhanced communication. We focus on their operating principles, channel estimation (CE), and the applications of machine learning to IRS-enhanced wireless networks. In addition, we systematically survey existing designs for IRS-enhanced wireless networks. Furthermore, we identify major issues and research opportunities associated with the integration of IRS and other emerging technologies for applications to next-generation wireless communication.

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“…In both cases, one or several RISs are to be strategically placed in the environment with a predefined location of the signal source. Applications of RISs, their mathematical models used in wireless communications, as well as their practical realizations have been recently reviewed by several groups of authors [3]- [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the microwave range, RISs can be implemented in two ways [7]: using MSs or RAs. MSs consist of deeply subwavelength unit cells and have small periods compared to the wavelength, while RAs typically have the period of around λ/2, where λ is the operational wavelength in free space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 2D-programmable and Scalable RIS Remotely Controlled via Digital Infrared Code

Sayanskiy¹,

Belov²,

Yafasov³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are promising and relatively low-cost tools for improving signal propagation in wireless communications. An RIS assists a base station in optimizing the channel and maximizing its capacity by dynamically manipulating with reflected field. Typically, RISs are based on dynamically reconfigurable reflectarrays, i.e. two-dimensional arrays of passive patch antennas, individually switchable between two or more reflection phases. Different communication scenarios and environments require RISs to provide a different spatial resolution of reflected field patterns, which depends on the aperture dimensions and the number of patches. Here we demonstrate a 1-bit RIS for 5-GHz Wi-Fi band made by assembling together multiple independently operating building blocks all powered by the same DC source. Each block contains four separately phase-switchable patch antennas with varactor diodes and a common microcontroller extracting digital control commands from modulated infrared light illuminating the entire RIS. Such distributed light-sensitive controllers grant the possibility of scaling the aperture by adding or removing blocks without re-designing any control circuitry. Moreover, in the proposed RIS a full 2D phase encoding capability is achieved along with a robust remote infrared control.

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Survey on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces below 10 GHz

Cited by 38 publications

References 43 publications

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Assisted UAV Communications for Massive Networks: Current Trends, Challenges, and Research Directions

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Assisted UAV Communications for Massive Networks: Current Trends, Challenges, and Research Directions

Machine Learning for Intelligent-Reflecting-Surface-Based Wireless Communication towards 6G: A Review

A 2D-programmable and Scalable RIS Remotely Controlled via Digital Infrared Code

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