Survey of veterinary conference attendees for evidence of zoonotic infection by feline retroviruses

Butera, Salvatore T.; Brown, Jennifer L.; Callahan, Margaret E.; Owen, S. Michele; Matthews, Aprille; Weigner, D. D.; Chapman, Louisa E.; Sandstrom, Paul

doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.1475

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In preliminary experiments, we even found strong editing of the WT FFV genome by human and African green monkey APOBEC3G with a concomitant reduction in viral titers and similar effects of fe3 on the primate (human) FV (data not shown). This may explain why zoonotic transmission of FFV has not been detected (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antiretroviral activity of APOBEC3 is inhibited by the foamy virus accessory Bet protein

Löchelt

Romen

Bastone

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

175

219

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Genome hypermutation of different orthoretroviruses by cellular cytidine deaminases of the APOBEC3 family during reverse transcription has recently been observed. Lentiviruses like HIV-1 have acquired proteins preventing genome editing in the newly infected cell. Here we show that feline foamy virus (FFV), a typical member of the foamy retrovirus subfamily Spumaretrovirinae, is also refractory to genome deamination. APOBEC3-like FFV genome editing in APOBEC3-positive feline CRFK cells only occurs when the accessory FFV Bet protein is functionally inactivated. Editing of bet-deficient FFV genomes is paralleled by a strong decrease in FFV titer. In contrast to lentiviruses, cytidine deamination already takes place in APOBEC3-positive FFV-producing cells, because edited proviral DNA genomes are consistently present in released particles. By cloning the feline APOBEC3 orthologue, we found that its homology to the second domain of human APOBEC3F is 48%. Expression of feline APOBEC3 in APOBEC3-negative human 293T cells reproduced the effects seen in homologous CRFK cells: Betdeficient FFV displayed severely reduced titers, high-level genome editing, reduced particle release, and suppressed Gag processing. Although WT Bet efficiently preserved FFV infectivity and genome integrity, it sustained particle release and Gag processing only when fe3 was moderately expressed. Similar to lentiviral Vif proteins, FFV Bet specifically bound feline APOBEC3. In particles from Bet-deficient FFV, feline APOBEC3 was clearly present, whereas its foamy viral antagonist Bet was undetectable in purified WT particles. This is the first report that, in addition to lentiviruses, the foamy viruses also developed APOBEC3-counteracting proteins.cytidine deamination ͉ virion infectivity factor ͉ spumaretrovirus ͉ restriction factor ͉ zoonosis

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antiretroviral activity of APOBEC3 is inhibited by the foamy virus accessory Bet protein

Löchelt

Romen

Bastone

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

175

219

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“…Given the strong coevolutionary history of SFV with their hosts, it is possible that humans are too divergent from NWM species to support the replication of SFV from these animals. A study examining zoonotic transmission of feline foamy virus (FFV) in a cohort of exposed veterinarians found no evidence of zoonotic infection (52), despite the ability of FFV to replicate in human cell lines. However, unlike FFV, we found serological evidence of NWM SFV infection in humans in the absence of detectable levels of viral DNA in the blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New World Simian Foamy Virus Infections In Vivo and In Vitro

Stenbak

Craig

Ivanov

et al. 2014

J Virol

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e Foamy viruses (FV) are complex retroviruses that naturally infect all nonhuman primates (NHP) studied to date. Zoonotic transmission of Old World NHP simian foamy viruses (SFV) has been documented, leading to nonpathogenic persistent infections. To date, there have been no reports concerning zoonotic transmission of New World monkey (NWM) SFV to humans and resulting infection. In this study, we developed a Western blot assay to detect antibodies to NWM SFV, a nested PCR assay to detect NWM SFV DNA, and a ␤-galactosidase-containing indicator cell line to assay replication of NWM SFV. Using these tools, we analyzed the plasma and blood of 116 primatologists, of whom 69 had reported exposures to NWM. While 8 of the primatologists tested were seropositive for SFV from a NWM, the spider monkey, none had detectable levels of viral DNA in their blood. We found that SFV isolated from three different species of NWM replicated in some, but not all, human cell lines. From our data, we conclude that while humans exposed to NWM SFV produce antibodies, there is no evidence for long-term viral persistence. Foamy viruses (FV) are unusual complex retroviruses that infect cattle, horses, cats, and all species of nonhuman primates (NHP) examined to date (reviewed in reference 1). Simian foamy viruses (SFV) can cause life-long infections in natural hosts without any apparent pathogenicity (2). In cell culture models, SFV can establish latent infections in some cell types and lytic infections in others, resulting in cytopathic effects (CPE) that include syncytium formation (reviewed in reference 3). In infected macaques, FV DNA is found in almost all tissues, while FV RNA and replicating virus are limited to the superficial epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in immunocompetent animals (4, 5). Consistent with the site of viral replication detected in vivo, it is thought that FV are transmitted via saliva, through grooming, biting, and other behaviors. Studies of natural transmission suggest that infant and young NHP are resistant to infection, presumably because of passive immunity from maternal antibodies, but typically (for macaques) become infected by 3 years of age (6). Epidemiological studies indicate that SFV seroprevalence can reach up to 100% in adults (reviewed in reference 7).Although FV do not naturally infect humans, SFV have been found to be zoonotically transmitted, most likely through contact with saliva from an infected NHP. Several studies have documented the transmission of SFV to humans who interact directly with Old World (OW) NHP, including Cercopithicus species, baboons, macaques, mandrills, gorillas, and chimpanzees (reviewed in reference 7). SFV antibody-positive humans have been found in a variety of natural settings, including people in Asia who live in areas with free-ranging macaques, villagers in Gabon with known exposure to NHP, and a population of hunters in Cameroon with bites from Old World NHP (6,(8)(9)(10)(11). SFV antibody-positive humans have also been documented in various laboratory, veterina...

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“…Viruses related to PERV such as GaLV [28], KoRV [39,64] and FeLV [65] can also infect human cells in vitro, however no transmission to humans in vivo has yet been reported. For example, in 204 veterinarians with a reported extensive duration of work with cats (mean, 17.3 years) and multiple high-risk exposures (e.g., cat bites, scratches, and injuries with sharp instruments), neither serologic nor molecular evidence of FeLV infection was detected [66]. Reports that another gammaretrovirus coming from mice, XMRV, infects humans and causes prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome described an artifact [30].…”

Section: Gammaretroviruses and Xenotransplantationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transspecies Transmission of Gammaretroviruses and the Origin of the Gibbon Ape Leukaemia Virus (GaLV) and the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV)

Denner

2016

Viruses

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Transspecies transmission of retroviruses is a frequent event, and the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a well-known example. The gibbon ape leukaemia virus (GaLV) and koala retrovirus (KoRV), two gammaretroviruses, are also the result of a transspecies transmission, however from a still unknown host. Related retroviruses have been found in Southeast Asian mice although the sequence similarity was limited. Viruses with a higher sequence homology were isolated from Melomys burtoni, the Australian and Indonesian grassland melomys. However, only the habitats of the koalas and the grassland melomys in Australia are overlapping, indicating that the melomys virus may not be the precursor of the GaLV. Viruses closely related to GaLV/KoRV were also detected in bats. Therefore, given the fact that the habitats of the gibbons in Thailand and the koalas in Australia are far away, and that bats are able to fly over long distances, the hypothesis that retroviruses of bats are the origin of GaLV and KoRV deserves consideration. Analysis of previous transspecies transmissions of retroviruses may help to evaluate the potential of transmission of related retroviruses in the future, e.g., that of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) during xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs.

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Survey of veterinary conference attendees for evidence of zoonotic infection by feline retroviruses

Cited by 43 publications

References 30 publications

The antiretroviral activity of APOBEC3 is inhibited by the foamy virus accessory Bet protein

The antiretroviral activity of APOBEC3 is inhibited by the foamy virus accessory Bet protein

New World Simian Foamy Virus Infections In Vivo and In Vitro

Transspecies Transmission of Gammaretroviruses and the Origin of the Gibbon Ape Leukaemia Virus (GaLV) and the Koala Retrovirus (KoRV)

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