Survey of Some Cereal Grains and Legume Seeds for Aflatoxin Contamination in the Sudan

Abdel-Rahim, Awad M.; Osman, Nawal; Idris, Mohamed Osman

doi:10.1016/s0232-4393(89)80076-9

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The levels observed are similar to those estimated by Elzupir et al (2009a, b), Younis and Kamal (2003), Abdel-Rahim et al (1989) and Elamin et al (1988) in food and feed products produced and consumed in Sudan. The AF levels obtained in our study are comparable with those reported from Kenya during an aflatoxicosis outbreak in 2004, with a high mortality rate of 68% recorded (Azziz-Baumgartner et al 2005;Lewis et al 2005).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…2 Chromatogram of spiked sample of (factory A) with AF standards: 3 AFG 1 (26.1 µg/kg), 4 AFB 1 (26.3 µg/kg), 5 AFG 2 (6.5 µg/kg) and 7 AFB 2 (6.5 µg/kg) Fig. 3 Chromatogram of naturally contaminated sample: 2 AFG 1 (0.34 µg/kg), 3 AFB 1 (0.36 µg/kg), 4 AFG 2 (0.45 µg/kg) and 7 AFB 2 (0.23 µg/kg) Abdel-Rahim et al (1989), Younis and Kamal (2003), Elzupir et al (2009a, b), and Elzupir and Elhussein (2010) have documented data on food contaminated with AFs. A search on the literature suggests little is known about Sudanese vegetable oil quality with respect to mycotoxin contamination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some studies on oil seeds (Elamin et al 1988;Younis and Kamal 2003), cereal grains (Abdel-Rahim et al 1989), animal feeds (Elzupir et al 2009a, b) and milk (Elzupir et al 2009b;Elzupir and Elhussein 2010) from this part of Africa suggest that AF contamination is quite high. And because AFs are lipophilic, they are likely to be present in oils extracted from such contaminated seeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aflatoxins levels in vegetable oils in Khartoum State, Sudan

et al. 2010

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Vegetable oil (n = 81) for human consumption from Khartoum State in Sudan were analyzed for aflatoxins (AFs), using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection following extraction with methanol:water (80:20) and clean-up using petroleum ether. Sampling included sesame oil (n = 14), peanut oil (n = 21), and sunflower oil (n = 19) purchased from retail shops, and mixed oil produced by two local manufacturers (factory A, n = 15; factory B, n = 12). AF contamination was found in 80/81 (98.8%) samples, with total AF levels [Formula: see text] of 0.43-339.9 µg/kg and mean level of 57.5 µg/kg. All sesame oils had total AF levels that were much higher than the United States Food and Drug Administration acceptable limit of 20 µg/kg. The percentage of samples with total AF values <20 µg/kg in other oils varied and was 57.14% in peanut oil, 36.8% in sunflower oil, 66.7% (mixed oil from factory A), and 91.7% (mixed oil from factory B). In conclusion, the levels of total AFs in edible oil as available in Khartoum State are quite alarming. To reduce the health hazards for the consumers, an intervention strategy to manage AFs in food commodities from Sudan is urgently required.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aflatoxins levels in vegetable oils in Khartoum State, Sudan

et al. 2010

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“…In Ethiopia, Ayalew et al (2006) reported that a small proportion (6%) of sorghum field samples were contaminated with up to 26 ng g À1 aflatoxin B 1 (mean 0.9 ng g À1 , average 10 ng g À1 ) -levels considerably lower than those observed in this study. Sorghum and millet from Sudan (Abdel-Rahim et al 1989), millet from Gambia (Hudson et al 1992) and sorghum from Botswana (Siame et al 1998) have also been reported to be occasionally contaminated with low levels of aflatoxin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative severity of aflatoxin contamination of cereal crops in West Africa

Bandyopadhyay

Kumar

Leslie

2007

Food Additives and Contaminants

116

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Aflatoxins are a common contaminant of cereals that can cause cancer, liver disease, immune suppression, retarded growth and development, and death, depending on the level and duration of exposure. Maize is an introduced crop to Africa and there have been efforts over the last 20 years or so to replace traditional cereal crops, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), with maize. We found that maize was significantly more heavily colonized by aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. than either sorghum or millet, with overall aflatoxin levels being correspondingly higher. On average, Nigerians consume 138 kg cereals annually. If the primary cereal is sorghum instead of maize, then the risk of aflatoxin-related problems is reduced 4-fold; if it is pearl millet, then the risks are reduced 8-fold. Development programs and other ventures to increase maize production in marginal cropping areas of Africa should be reconsidered and, instead, efforts to improve/maintain traditional crops encouraged.

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“…However, some studies in oil seeds (Elamin et al 1988;Younis and Kamal 2003), cereal grains (Abdel-Rahim et al 1989) animal feeds and milk (Elzupir et al 2009a;Elzupir et al 2009b;Elzupir and Elhussein 2010) suggest that AF contamination is quite common in the country. We thought that peanut butter might be even more susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, and this study was carred out to determine the prevalence and levels of AF in peanut butter produced and marketed in Khartoum State, Sudan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins in peanut butter in Khartoum State, Sudan

et al. 2011

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Forty-three peanut butter samples from Khartoum State, Sudan, were analyzed for aflatoxins (AFs, AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after extraction with methanol:water (8:1, v/v) and clean-up using chloroform. All samples were contaminated with AFs, with total AF levels ranging between 26.7 and 853 μg/kg, and a mean total AF level of 287 ± 200.5 μg/kg. The highest concentrations were found for AFB1, (28 positive samples, maximum 534 μg/kg), while AFG1 was most frequently detected (43 positive samples, maximum 401 μg/kg). AFB2 (42 positive samples, maximum 3.2 μg/kg) and AFG2 (4 positive samples, maximum 30 μg/kg) were also present in these samples. The mean AF contamination levels found in this study exceeded by far all international regulations concerning maximum levels for this group of toxins. From the data, it is concluded that the levels of AF contamination in peanut butter from the Kartoum area are quite alarming, and may pose serious health hazards to consumers. Therefore, an intervention strategy to manage AF in peanut butter is urgently needed.

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Survey of Some Cereal Grains and Legume Seeds for Aflatoxin Contamination in the Sudan

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Aflatoxins levels in vegetable oils in Khartoum State, Sudan

Aflatoxins levels in vegetable oils in Khartoum State, Sudan

Relative severity of aflatoxin contamination of cereal crops in West Africa

Aflatoxins in peanut butter in Khartoum State, Sudan

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