Survey of Phthalate Mitigation and Distribution in Water, Sediment, and Typha in a Fully Operational Constructed Wetland: A Pilot Study

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

“…Table 2 summarizes the extraction techniques adopted in the last three years to analyze PAEs in environmental and food matrices. It is possible to observe that the most common extraction techniques used to extract phthalates from environmental and food samples are LLE [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 104 , 106 , 109 , 110 , 112 ], SPME [ 60 , 69 , 81 , 82 , 92 , 93 , 115 ], QuEChERS-dSPE [ 79 , 88 , 102 ], SPE [ 68 , 75 ], and soxhlet [ 100 , 101 , 114 ].…”

“…In general, no clean-up procedure is necessary. The most common solvents used in LLE are DCM [ 62 , 64 , 66 , 99 ], ACET [ 94 ], MeCN [ 90 , 91 , 106 ], and solvents mixes (HEX:ACET, HEX:EtAc, DCM:ACET) [ 63 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 95 , 96 ]. Despite the high extraction efficiency of LLE to extract PAEs from different samples, which results in recovery rates of 70% to 120%, lower LODs and LOQs ( Table 2 ), the up-to-date tendencies related to extraction procedures are founded on the principles of green chemistry, which include low solvent volumes, simplicity, and quickness.…”

Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands

“…It can also be affected by the type of CW, the substrate type and the plants used [10]. The literature data [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] describing the use of CWs in WWTPs for the effective neutralization/sorption/degradation of phthalates are very limited (Table S1, Supplementary Material). Most investigations are performed using a laboratory system [16][17][18][19][20][21] or a pilot-scale system [22][23][24][25]28].…”

“…Most investigations are performed using a laboratory system [16][17][18][19][20][21] or a pilot-scale system [22][23][24][25]28]. A full-scale constructed wetland experiment is only presented in a few papers [26,27]. Moreover, the uptake of PAEs by plants in CWs is seldom investigated.…”

“…Such data are only presented for a laboratory system and such plants as Phragmites australis by Li et al [16], and Brassica juncea and Helianthus annuus by Zavoda et al [21]. The uptake of PAEs by Typha plants in working full-scale CW systems was investigated only recently by Diepenheim et al [27]. One of the main reasons for the sparse research is the limited number of analytical methods developed for the determination of PAEs in plant materials.…”