Survey of ophthalmic anterior segment findings and intraocular pressure in 95 North American box turtles (Terrapene spp.)

Abstract

Different subspecies of box turtles have different normal intraocular pressures as measured by rebound tonometry, which was influenced by the animals' health status in one subspecies. Some morphometric parameters were found to be associated with IOP. Box turtles are often affected with ophthalmic abnormalities of unknown clinical significance.

Intraocular pressure in American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry

“…This finding highlights the fact that the tonometer readings might not correspond to the actual IOP and the need for species‐specific calibration values. Family, species, and subspecies differences are reported for IOP in raptors, reptiles, and amphibians . These differences could be caused by globe characteristics that influence tonometry.…”

Intraocular Pressures of Aquarium-Housed Cownose Rays (Rhinoptera Bonasus) With Normal and Abnormal Ophthalmic Exams

“…16 Since the animals in this study were not anesthetized and the sample size was larger, it is difficult to directly compare the results of the present study to the available fish literature. Regardless, the IOP for the cownose rays in this study in the D setting, 9.10 6 2.57 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], was comparable to that of anesthetized brook trout and three anesthetized cownose rays. Further work is needed to compare IOPs of awake and anesthetized cownose rays using a larger sample size.…”

“…These methodologies were not employed in the present study since they were considered either too invasive, not accessible, or less favorable in this aquatic clinical setting. In the study of brook trout, IOP was obtained via rebound tonometry with setting not stated and reported values of 9.01 6 2.18 [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] mmHg based on 30 individuals. However, the brook trout were anesthetized with buffered ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate and it is unclear if this may have impacted measurements.…”

Single instead of triplicate intraocular pressure measurements in dogs do not substantially lower accuracy and precision but do slightly reduce statistical power

“…However, in some practices and commonly in research studies where IOP is measured, the mean of triplicate low-error readings is used as the value. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] This is done to increase both accuracy and precision but requires additional time and effort. To the authors' knowledge, there is no published veterinary data that quantify the improvement in accuracy and precision resulting from triplicate measurements compared with a single measurement.…”