Survey of mycotoxins in retail market cereals, derived products and evaluation of their dietary intake

Alim, Muhammad; Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar; Mehmood, Zahid; Asi, Muhammad Rafique; Zikar, Hira; Chanda, Humaira; Malik, Noeen

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.034

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This work investigates the incidence of the major Aspergillus and Fusarium mycotoxins, as well as of the minor Alternaria mycotoxins in rice by using LC–MS/MS. In previous studies on Pakistani rice [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], information about only the traditional mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, was reported. The occurrence of AFB 1 and OTA reported in Pakistani rice was more or less similar [ 26 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Pakistan, the previous studies are mostly restricted to the determination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A contamination using nonconfirmatory analytical techniques [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], while mycotoxin contamination in rice at a global level has been reviewed by Ferre et al and Tanaka et al [ 32 , 33 ]. The studies on the dietary exposure to mycotoxins through rice consumption were performed in different countries, like Iran [ 34 ], United States [ 35 ], Turkey [ 36 ], Nigeria [ 37 ], France [ 38 , 39 ], Thailand [ 40 ], Korea [ 41 ], Vietnam [ 42 , 43 ], Mediterranean region [ 44 ], Africa [ 45 ], Spain [ 46 ], West Africa [ 47 ], and Portugal [ 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Limited data is available on the determination of and dietary exposure to multi-mycotoxins in Pakistani rice. Previous studies embarked upon the occurrence and dietary exposure to only a few mycotoxins (AFs, OTA, and ZEN) [ 25 , 26 , 30 , 31 ]. These studies did not include the dietary exposures to multiple mycotoxins, especially in children, are devoid of important parameters such as the calculation of the margin of exposure (MoE), and did not include a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the degradation effect of Pakistani cooking recipes on the prevalent mycotoxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan

Majeed

Boevre

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Mycotoxin contamination in rice can create a health risk for the consumers. In this study, the measurement of 23 mycotoxins in rice samples (n = 180) was performed using a validated LC–MS/MS method. A food frequency questionnaire was used to get rice consumption data for the assessment of mycotoxin dietary exposure, before calculating the health risk in adults and children of north and south regions of the Pakistani Punjab province. The prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (56%), aflatoxin B2 (48%), nivalenol (28%), diacetoxyscirpenol (23%), fumonisin B1 (42%), zearalenone (15%), HT-2 toxin (10%), deoxynivalenol (8%), and ochratoxin A (6%) was estimated in samples with a mean concentration range between 0.61 and 22.98 µg/kg. Aflatoxin degradation by traditional Pakistani cooking recipes was evaluated and observed to be 41–63%. The dietary exposure to aflatoxins exceeded the tolerable daily intake at all levels, and ochratoxin A and zearalenone posed health risk at high contamination and high consumption levels. The margin of aflatoxin B1 exposure ranged between 10 and 69 in adults and 10 and 62 in children. The mean cancer risk by aflatoxin B1 exposure was 0.070 (adults) and 0.071 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in South Punjab population, and 0.122 (adults) and 0.127 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in North Punjab population. This study will provide new insights for the planning and management of mycotoxins in Pakistan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan

Majeed

Boevre

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…The high incidence of some other mycotoxins in cereal crops from our previous reports, i.e., 30% samples of wheat products were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins, ranging from limit of detections (LOD) to 69.6 µg/kg, and 31% samples of wheat products were found to be contaminated with zearalenone ranging from LOD to 69.8 µg/kg [ 16 ]. In another study 52% cereal products were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins with concentration ranging from LOD to 9.95 µg/kg, 50% cereal products were found to be contaminated with ochratoxin A (LOD to 9.60 µg/kg), and 56% samples of cereal products were found to be contaminated with zearalenone (LOD to 110.45 µg/kg) [ 17 ]. It is worth mentioning that we have studied the incidences of AFs, OTA, ZEN in cereals and, recently, fumonisin B 1 in wheat and barley [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Iqbal

Usman

Razis

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The main goal of the present research was to explore the seasonal variation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, corn, and their products, collected during 2018–2019. Samples of 449 of wheat and products and 270 samples of corn and their products were examined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with a UV detector. The findings of the present work showed that 104 (44.8%) samples of wheat and products from the summer season, and 91 (41.9%) samples from winter season were contaminated with DON (concentration limit of detections (LOD) to 2145 µg/kg and LOD to 2050 µg/kg), from summer and winter seasons, respectively. In corn and products, 87 (61.2%) samples from summer and 57 (44.5%) samples from winter season were polluted with DON with levels ranging from LOD to 2967 µg/kg and LOD to 2490 µg/kg, from the summer and winter season, respectively. The highest dietary intake of DON was determined in wheat flour 8.84 µg/kg body weight/day from the summer season, and 7.21 µg/kg body weight/day from the winter season. The findings of the work argued the need to implement stringent guidelines and create awareness among farmers, stakeholders, and traders of the harmful effect of DON. It is mostly observed that cereal crops are transported and stockpiled in jute bags, which may absorb moisture from the environment and produce favorable conditions for fungal growth. Therefore, these crops must store in polyethylene bags during transportation and storage, and moisture should be controlled. It is highly desirable to use those varieties that are more resistant to fungi attack. Humidity and moisture levels need to be controlled during storage and transportation.

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“…In generally, tropical and sub-tropical environments such as moisture, high temperature, unseasonal and heavy rains and flash floods are prime factors that propagate the fungal growth and eventually the AFs production [10]. In South Asian countries, the climatic environments are usually very warm and moist and offer an excellent condition for fungal proliferation and AFs production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of aflatoxins contamination levels in betel nuts (Areca catechu L.) imported from Asian countries

2020

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Background Aspergillus and their linked metabolites such as aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the extremely significant contaminants affecting food production around the world. The contamination of AFs has been identified in various food commodities, which have been recognized as carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive. The present study was undertaken to assess the AFs contamination in betel nuts (Areca catechu L.) being imported to Pakistan from South Asian countries during 2018–2019. Methods A total of 143 betel nuts consignments (India = 80, Indonesia = 39 and Sri Lanka = 24) were obtained and analyzed for the AF contamination using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up procedure subsequent by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Results: In Indian-origin betel nuts, about 96.3% samples were contaminated with AFs, ranging from 1.18‒331.57 µg/kg with mean contamination of 76.11 ± 1.12 µg/kg; whereas, in Indonesian and Sri Lankan shipments, 100% samples of betel nuts were found infected with AFs, ranging between 1.88‒378.94 and 4.74‒106.58 µg/kg with an average level of 123.76 ± 1.25 and 47.95 ± 0.98 µg/kg, respectively. Conclusions In conclusion, the AFs levels present an acute toxicity to human health and also hazard factors for the economy since contaminated foodstuffs do not fulfill the requirements of export/import. Therefore, instant actions should be engaged and re-evaluate agricultural procedures and regular monitoring of AFs level in food stuffs to minimize the chances of various diseases such as oral pre-cancerous oral wounds, submucous fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma (cancer).

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Survey of mycotoxins in retail market cereals, derived products and evaluation of their dietary intake

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan

Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan

Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Comparison of aflatoxins contamination levels in betel nuts (Areca catechu L.) imported from Asian countries

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