Survey of mycotoxins in beer and exposure assessment through the consumption of commercially available beer in Lleida, Spain

Pascari, Xenia; Ortiz-Solà, J.; Marı́n, Sonia; Ramos, Ana M. González; Sanchis, Vicente

doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.021

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…There are limited surveys that classify samples for data analysis (Rodriguez Carrasco et al 2015;Peters et al 2017;Pascari et al 2018a). In our study, beers with an alcohol content greater than 5.5 % had mycotoxin contamination in 60 % of the samples analyzed, similar to the results reported by Pascari et al (2018b).…”

Section: Estimation Of Mycotoxins Daily Intake and Exposure Risksupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Those are lower than the recommendation of the JEFCA (2010) of 1000 ng kg -1 bw d -1 . The percentage of TDI of DON mycotoxins that beer provides as a result of LB consumption is similar that reported by Pascari et al (2018a) in Spain (1.6 %) and lower that than obtained by Bauer et al (2016) (5-10 %) and Rodríguez-Carrasco 2015 (10 %) in beer consumers from Germany and Ireland respectively. Regarding other products, TDI in the LB scenario that 14 beer provides for exposure to DON is similar to bread (5.3 ng kg -1 bw d -1 ) and cookies (5.7 ng kg -1 bw d -1 ) in the population of Brazil (Savi et al 2016) and pasta (22 ng kg -1 bw d -1 ) in Spain.…”

Section: Estimation Of the Don Intake Via Beer Consumption In Varioussupporting

confidence: 81%

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Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins

et al. 2019

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of 23 mycotoxins in beer purchased in Mexico and to assess two exposure scenarios in the Mexican population through beer consumption. Multi-mycotoxin analysis of a total of 61 different beers (132 samples) was carried out using UHPLC-MS/MS equipment. Probability density functions were used to describe mycotoxins contamination. The daily intake of mycotoxins was estimated using a semi-probabilistic approach, applying the Monte Carlo method. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON) were the mycotoxins found in higher proportions in contaminated samples. None of the other mycotoxins overpassed the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. The combined intake of DON and its analogues ranged from 5.24 to 86.59 ng kg-1 bw day-1, which represent from 1.20 to 19.83 % of the DON TDI. The results suggest that depending on the individual consumption of beer and depending on the type of beer, the intake of DON via beer could represent a significant percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI).

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Section: Estimation Of Mycotoxins Daily Intake and Exposure Risksupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Estimation Of the Don Intake Via Beer Consumption In Varioussupporting

confidence: 81%

Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins

et al. 2019

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“…However, differences could be observed in the prevalence of DON in beer samples. Pascari et al [33] analyzed 64 commercially available European beers but found DON only in 4 samples (6%), whereas ZEN was present in 65% of the samples they examined; with concentrations ranging between 8.24 and 62.98 ng/mL. This is in contrast to our study where ZEN was present in only 6% of the samples, and at levels below 0.5 ng/mL.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption

Grajewski

Kosicki

Twarużek

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8–1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0–7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1–6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14–21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0–7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5–9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.

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“…Even if the maximum detected DON concentrations are taken into account, the PDI values remain a small percentage of the TDI values, regardless of the country of origin of the beer. For example, the PDI is 14.0-20.8% of the TDI in Poland [54]; 18% of the TDI in Brazil [46]; 0.15-6.14% of the TDI in Spain, where the average consumption is just half of that in Poland [55]; 0% of the TDI in Cyprus and 10% of the TDI in Ireland [56].…”

Section: Dietary Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Trichothecenes in Barley Malt and Beer from Poland and an Assessment of Dietary Risks Associated with their Consumption

Ksieniewicz-Woźniak

Bryła

Waśkiewicz

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Eighty-seven samples of malt from several Polish malting plants and 157 beer samples from the beer available on the Polish market (in 2018) were tested for Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV)), and their modified forms ((deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV-3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON)). DON and its metabolite, DON-3G, were found the most, among the samples analyzed; DON and DON-3G were present in 90% and 91% of malt samples, and in 97% and 99% of beer samples, respectively. NIV was found in 24% of malt samples and in 64% of beer samples, and NIV-3G was found in 48% of malt samples and 39% of beer samples. In the malt samples, the mean concentration of DON was 52.9 µg/kg (range: 5.3–347.6 µg/kg) and that of DON-3G was 74.1 µg/kg (range: 4.4–410.3 µg/kg). In the beer samples, the mean concentration of DON was 12.3 µg/L (range: 1.2–156.5 µg/L) and that of DON-3G was 7.1 µg/L (range: 0.6–58.4 µg/L). The concentrations of other tested mycotoxins in the samples of malt and beer were several times lower. The risk of exposure to the tested mycotoxins, following the consumption of beer in Poland, was assessed. The corresponding probable daily intakes (PDIs) remained a small fraction of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). However, in the improbable worst-case scenario, in which every beer bottle consumed would be contaminated with mycotoxins present at the highest level observed among the analyzed beer samples, the PDI would exceed the TDI for DON and its metabolite after the consumption of a single bottle (0.5 L) of beer.

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Survey of mycotoxins in beer and exposure assessment through the consumption of commercially available beer in Lleida, Spain

Cited by 30 publications

References 25 publications

Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins

Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption

Selected Trichothecenes in Barley Malt and Beer from Poland and an Assessment of Dietary Risks Associated with their Consumption

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