Survey of Literature Relating to Infant Methemoglobinemia Due to Nitrate-Contaminated Water

Walton, Graham

doi:10.2105/ajph.41.8_pt_1.986

Cited by 202 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the newborn infant, the activity of the NADHcytochrome b5 reductase is about 50-60% of the activity found in the adult (8). Likewise, the intestinal pH in infants is high enough to contribute to the growth of intestinal organisms that are particularly efficient at the conversion of ingested nitrate to nitrite (25)(26)(27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

Zeman

Kross

Vlad

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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In this nested case-control study, we investigated the risk factors for methemoglobinemia (MHG) in 71 children in the Transylvania region of Romania. This study was unique in that the exposures for cases and controls were calculated as continuous values and were reported in milligrams per kilogram per day of nitrate/nitrite based on careful dietary reconstruction and environmental sampling. This procedure allowed us to compare point estimates of nitrate/nitrite exposure with other continuous, categoric, and ranked risk factors such as the presence or absence of diarrheal disease, reported severity of diarrheal disease, the use of vitamin supplements, the presence, absence, and/or duration of breast-feeding, and whether or not first-generation relatives experienced MHG. Analysis of these factors and exposure levels using both univariate and multivariate whole-model tests was performed to understand the relative significance of risk factors at varying levels of exposure to the development of MHG. Univariate and multifactorial analysis of risk factors for MHG underscored that, for this population, MHG is most strongly associated with nitrate/nitrite exposure through the dietary route (p = 0.0318), via feeding of formula and tea made with water containing high levels of nitrates, and that breast-feeding protects infants younger than 6 months of age (p = 0.0244). Our findings also raise questions about the role of diarrheal disease in the development of MHG, as likelihood ratios (likelihood 4.323, p = 0.0376) and multifactorial analysis indicated a significant role for diarrheal disease for some individuals.

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A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

Zeman

Kross

Vlad

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Households who choose to boil their water after these filters should be cautioned, as boiling could concentrate the nitrate and nitrite to more harmful levels as found by Walton (1951) and Winton et al (1971).…”

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A critical evaluation of two point-of-use water treatment technologies: can they provide water that meets WHO drinking water guidelines?

Murphy

McBean

Farahbakhsh

2010

Journal of Water and Health

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Point-of-use (POU) technologies have been proposed as solutions for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for safe water. They reduce the risk of contamination between the water source and the home, by providing treatment at the household level. This study examined two POU technologies commonly used around the world: BioSand and ceramic filters. While the health benefits in terms of diarrhoeal disease reduction have been fairly well documented for both technologies, little research has focused on the ability of these technologies to treat other contaminants that pose health concerns, including the potential for formation of contaminants as a result of POU treatment. These technologies have not been rigorously tested to see if they meet World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines. A study was developed to evaluate POU BioSand and ceramic filters in terms of microbiological and chemical quality of the treated water. The following parameters were monitored on filters in rural Cambodia over a sixmonth period: iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite and Escherichia coli. The results revealed that these technologies are not capable of consistently meeting all of the WHO drinking water guidelines for these parameters.

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“…Such contamination may place drinking water quality at risk and endanger the public health. While nitrate or nitrite species are known to be toxic and carcinogenic, site remediation becomes necessary in order to reduce the impacts on human health, such as methemoglobinemia, cancer and damage to liver, and improve the ecosystem integrity [1][2][3]. Thus, the regulatory standards of nitrite and nitrate of Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in Taiwan for groundwater and wastewater were being set up at 1-10 and 10-100 mg l −1 depending on the category of sources, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fine structure characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for decontamination of nitrites and nitrates in wastewater and groundwater

Lin

Chang

Chuang

2008

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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The main objectives of the present study were to investigate the chemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite species by zero-valent iron nanoparticle (ZVIN) in aqueous solution and related reaction kinetics or mechanisms using fine structure characterization. This work also exemplifies the utilization of field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to reveal the speciation and possible reaction pathway in a very complex adsorption and redox reaction process. Experimentally, ZVIN of this study was prepared by sodium borohydride reduction method at room temperature and ambient pressure. The morphology of as-synthesized ZVIN shows that the nearly ball and ultrafine particles ranged of 20-50 nm were observed with FE-SEM or TEM analysis. The kinetic model of nitrites or nitrates reductive reaction by ZVIN is proposed as a pseudo first-order kinetic equation. The nitrite and nitrate removal efficiencies using ZVIN were found 65-83% and 51-68%, respectively, based on three different initial concentrations. Based on the XRD pattern analyses, it is found that the quantitative relationship between nitrite and Fe(III) or Fe(II) is similar to the one between nitrate and Fe(III) in the ZVIN study. The possible reason is due to the faster nitrite reduction by ZVIN. In fact, the occurrence of the relative faster nitrite reductive reaction suggested that the passivation of the ZVIN have a significant contribution to iron corrosion. The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) or x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra show that the nitrites or nitrates reduce to N 2 or NH 3 while oxidizing the ZVIN to Fe 2 O 3 or Fe 3 O 4 electrochemically. It is also very clear that decontamination of nitrate or nitrite species in groundwater via the in-situ remediation with a ZVIN permeable reactive barrier would be environmentally attractive.

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Survey of Literature Relating to Infant Methemoglobinemia Due to Nitrate-Contaminated Water

Cited by 202 publications

References 29 publications

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

A critical evaluation of two point-of-use water treatment technologies: can they provide water that meets WHO drinking water guidelines?

Fine structure characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for decontamination of nitrites and nitrates in wastewater and groundwater

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