Survey of Japanese encephalitis reactor on pigs in north Sulawesi

Podung, Albert J; Rompas, Joice JI; Paath, Jantje F.

doi:10.22271/j.ento.2021.v9.i6d.8907

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Research by Podung in North Sulawesi Province seroprevalence in pig reached 30%. Highest seroprevalence found in Minahasa Regency (43.8%), followed by Tomohon City (29.4%) and the lowest in South Minahasa Regency (17.6%) [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Cattle: An Evaluation from Tangerang Regency

Riandi¹,

Ipa²,

Wahono³

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference for Health Research – BRIN (ICHR 2022)

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease in humans and animals in the Asia Pacific. This RNA virus is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites from viral amplifiers, such as pigs, poultry, bats, and other vertebrates. In the spread of JEV, herons are considered the reservoir, pigs as the main amplifying host, and the Culex mosquito as a vector. Although the number of cases of JE in humans is low, Indonesia is considered an endemic area for JE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of JE in pigs and cattle in Tangerang Regency, the area with the largest pig population in Banten Province. From June -to July 2019, a total of 101 samples of pig blood and 110 samples of cattle blood were collected from 13 pig farms and 42 cattle farms. Characteristics of livestock management were recorded for further descriptive analysis. From 101 samples of pig blood and 110 samples of cattle blood, only 94 pig serum and 94 cattle serum were obtained for testing by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) Specific IgG ELISA; the seroprevalence results for pigs were 6.38% and 7.44% for cattle. The follow-up PCR test for porcine and bovine serum found none of the samples with the JE virus. Based on seroprevalence results and livestock management characteristics, we suspect that the JE antibody in reactive pig serum was inherited from their sow before being imported from outside the Tangerang district. However, judging from the location of the source of the positive JEV IgG cattle, almost all of which were obtained locally, there is a possibility that JEV transmission occurred in Tangerang Regency. We suggest the need for JE virus control in breeding farms in the area of origin of pigs that enter the Tangerang Regency area, considering that the introduction of the virus can occur through the transportation of cattle or piglets between regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Cattle: An Evaluation from Tangerang Regency

Riandi¹,

Ipa²,

Wahono³

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference for Health Research – BRIN (ICHR 2022)

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“…Seropositivity rates of JE antibodies have been used to assess varying risk for JE in endemic countries [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. High IgG prevalence rates in pigs were considered predictive of possible outbreaks in humans while low level seroprevalence is associated with declining human cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shriram et al showed prevalence of 35.48% IgG in Chennai indicating that pigs continue to serve as amplifying hosts for the transmission of the disease in peri-urban areas in India in 2019 [30]. Podung et al found JEV antibodies (43.8%) in pigs using competitive ELISA test (C-ELISA) highest in Minahasa Regency as compared to two other areas in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia due to its close proximity to human settlements [31]. JE was reported in July and August 2010 from the mountain districts of Nepal in farmers without travel history to JE endemic areas, whereby exposure to autochthonous JE was considered a risk factor for residents and travellers in the area [32].…”

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confidence: 99%

Japanese Encephalitis in Swine in San Jose, Tarlac, Philippines

Malbas,

Saito-Obata,

Sayama

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background A systematic review of multidisciplinary studies on Japanese encephalitis (JE) in the Philippines indicated that endemic foci may be found in all 17 administrative regions in the country. To establish the etiology of the disease virus isolation and seroprevalence surveys in 198 pigs were conducted in 2010–2011 in four barangays (villages) in the Municipality of San Jose, Tarlac. Prior to this present study Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III (JEV GIII) was recovered from the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the same municipality where backyard hog-raising and wet rice-cultivation were common practices among households located within one kilometer radius from paddies. Results JEV GIII was detected from serum and nasal swabs from pigs, 3–5 months old, from barangays Pao, Moriones and Villa Aglipay. IgM and IgG were measured by ELISA in pigs less than 4 to more than 8 months old, with an overall total of 17.2% and 62.1%, respectively. The presence of these antibodies in all pigs during four observation periods indicated year-round transmission starting with the rainy season which encompasses the months of July and September 2010. IgG increased correspondingly with age with repeated infections in older pigs. IgG prevalence rates remained high in all barangays. The proportions of positive households with any one of the markers: IgM, IgG, RT-PCR were above 80% or an average of 82.5% of households where all pigs were examined. This report contributes to knowledge on JE where incidence in humans may be linked to its epizootic spillover from pigs. Conclusion The study has shown that four barangays, representing a rice-farming community, supported the enzootic cycle of JE in swine, with mosquitoes previously found to be infected with JEV GIII, in San Jose. Thus, infected pigs, rainfall and proximity of human habitation to breeding sites of vector mosquitoes constituted the risk factors for JE as it were in other endemic countries in Asia. The finding of viral RNA in nasal swabs suggests the possibility of direct transmission among pigs via oronasal route. From the standpoint of public health JE immunization of children and periodic surveillance in swine are recommended.

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Survey of Japanese encephalitis reactor on pigs in north Sulawesi

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Cattle: An Evaluation from Tangerang Regency

Seroprevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Cattle: An Evaluation from Tangerang Regency

Japanese Encephalitis in Swine in San Jose, Tarlac, Philippines

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