Survey of Irrigation Water for Golf Courses in Southeastern Pennsylvania

Fidanza, Michael A.; Sanford, David L.; Stowell, Larry J.; Gelernter, Wendy; Landschoot, Peter J.; Bosold, Nancy; Welshans, James

doi:10.1094/ats-2006-0210-01-tt

Cited by 4 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Water quality was best in the Northeast and Transition regions (Table 11). A survey of irrigation water quality of 35 golf courses in southeastern Pennsylvania by Fidanza et al (4) showed a mean TDS of 226 ppm, a mean SAR of 0.7, a mean pH of 6.9, and a mean RSC of 0.02, which were similar to the values from this survey for the Northeast agronomic region.…”

Section: Water‐quality Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 79%

Golf Course Environmental Profile Measures Water Use, Source, Cost, Quality, Management and Conservation Strategies

Throssell

Lyman

Johnson

et al. 2009

Applied Turfgrass Science

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The golf industry does not have comprehensive national data on property features, management practices, and inputs associated with golf courses. As part of the effort to develop a national golf course environmental profile, The Environmental Institute for Golf sent a survey to superintendents at 16,797 golf facilities in the United States to determine their number of irrigated turfgrass acres, water use, water cost, water sources, recycled water use, water quality, irrigation system characteristics, and water management and conservation strategies. Of these surveys, 15% were returned. Golf course data were stratified by agronomic region, course type, and number of holes. The analysis indicated proportional representation of all types of golf facilities in the results. Golf courses comprise an estimated 1,198,381 acres of irrigated turfgrass in the United States, and their total annual water use averaged over 2003, 2004, and 2005 is estimated at 2,312,701 acre‐feet. Water cost and water source vary by agronomic region. Recycled water is one of the water sources for 12% of golf facilities. Nearly all 18‐hole golf facilities use one or more techniques for irrigation scheduling, and they use multiple management practices such as hand‐watering to conserve water. These data provide an accurate portrayal of golf course water use that establishes a baseline for comparison with data from future surveys to monitor industry change, and the data can serve as a guide for industry agronomic and environmental initiatives.

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Section: Water‐quality Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 79%

Golf Course Environmental Profile Measures Water Use, Source, Cost, Quality, Management and Conservation Strategies

Throssell

Lyman

Johnson

et al. 2009

Applied Turfgrass Science

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“…Carbonate‐cemented layers have never been documented in turfgrass systems, yet there is a widely held belief in the turfgrass industry that bicarbonate from irrigation water can accumulate to cause physical problems in the soil (Carrow et al, 1999; Ellis, 2009; Fidanza et al, 2006; Harivandi, 1999; Simmons, 2010). This has been referred to as a salt‐induced sealing of pores, which is regarded as being distinctly separate from sodium hazard (Carrow and Duncan, 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Inorganic Carbon Accumulation in Sand Putting Green Soils II: Acid–Base Relationships as affected by Water Chemistry and Nitrogen Source

2016

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There is a widely held belief in the turfgrass industry that bicarbonate from irrigation water can accumulate and cause physical problems in the soil despite a lack of evidence for this claim. The objective of this study was to quantify accumulation of carbonate (soil inorganic C [SIC]) from irrigation water in a simulated root zone of a sand putting green fertilized with two different N sources (ammonium sulfate or potassium nitrate). To track SIC additions from irrigation water, sand columns were irrigated with low salinity, carbonate‐enriched water containing 13C‐labeled bicarbonate and compared with a control irrigated with deionized water. After 20 mo, which was equivalent to about 3.5 yr of typical irrigation on a golf course, soil pH, SIC, and δ13C were measured by depth. Acidity from nitrification of ammonium sulfate applications offset alkalinity inputs from carbonate‐enriched irrigation water and resulted in net acidification of soils, especially from 0 to 5 cm in depth. Soil inorganic C accumulation was observed in columns irrigated with carbonate‐enriched water but did not result in decreased air permeability of the root zone. There were no significant differences in soil δ13C among experimental treatments despite δ13C differences in turf leaf tissue. This suggests that SIC applied through irrigation may accumulate in the soil, but is subject to isotopic exchange with atmospheric CO2 (gas). These findings do not support the claim that irrigating turfgrass with water containing elevated levels of bicarbonate will negatively impact soil physical properties.

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“…Phosphorus was below the laboratory reporting limit (0.03 mg L –1 ) in 50% of the samples in this survey. None of the irrigation water samples in the southeastern Pennsylvania survey had detectable phosphorus concentrations (Fidanza et al., 2006). The normal range for detectable phosphorus concentrations suggested by Ayers and Wescot (1994) and currently listed in PSAASL test reports is 0.1 to 0.4 mg L –1 , which is close to the 10th and 90th percentiles of <0.03 and 0.23 mg P L –1 , respectively, found in this survey.…”

Section: Summary Of Irrigation Water Survey Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surveys of irrigation water are an important means of assessing the biological and chemical components of water sources, as well as attitudes about water quality among users (Cisar et al., 2006; Fidanza et al., 2006; Meador et al., 2012). Fidanza et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of turfgrass irrigation water quality in Pennsylvania

Landschoot

Spargo

McGraw

2022

Crop Forage & Turfgrass Mgmt

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Surveys of irrigation water reveal important information about water quality in different geographic regions and can serve as a reference to compare with individual samples submitted to labs. This survey aimed to establish a baseline profile of turfgrass irrigation water quality from nonamended and noneffluent sources in Pennsylvania that can be compared with water quality data from other geographic regions and future surveys in the Mid‐Atlantic region, and to improve test report guidelines for samples submitted to labs. The survey was conducted between fall 2007 and spring 2019 and included 190 irrigation water samples. Samples were analyzed at Penn State's Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory (PSAASL) for pH, alkalinity, hardness, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium absorption ratio, bicarbonate, carbonate, residual sodium carbonate, nitrate‐N, ammonium‐N, and 13 elements. The results showed acceptable irrigation water quality according to published guidelines, with some exceptions, which included high (and potentially problematic) values for sodium, total dissolved solids, and sulfur, but these represented ≤10% of the samples. According to the results, most normal ranges and upper limits for the quality parameters of turfgrass irrigation water should be similar to those currently listed in PSAASL reports. However, the normal ranges for pH, alkalinity, and bicarbonate should be expanded to account for the numerous water samples (> 45%) that exceeded the maximum range listed in test reports. The normal range and upper limit of nitrate‐N should be lowered in PSAASL reports to reflect the results and concerns about environmental and health‐related effects.

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Survey of Irrigation Water for Golf Courses in Southeastern Pennsylvania

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Golf Course Environmental Profile Measures Water Use, Source, Cost, Quality, Management and Conservation Strategies

Golf Course Environmental Profile Measures Water Use, Source, Cost, Quality, Management and Conservation Strategies

Soil Inorganic Carbon Accumulation in Sand Putting Green Soils II: Acid–Base Relationships as affected by Water Chemistry and Nitrogen Source

A survey of turfgrass irrigation water quality in Pennsylvania

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