Survey of Fungal Diversity in Silages Supplied to Dairy Cattle in Belgium Over a Two-Year Period

Tangni, K; Wambacq, Eva; Bastiaanse, Héloïse; Haesaert, Geert; Pussemier, Luc; J, De; Foucart, F

doi:10.5455/jasa.196912310400000110

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…cannot survive typical silage conditions [5,11], and are hence rarely isolated from maize silages [9,30,51,68]. Tangni et al (2017) [68] isolated more than 1000 different fungi from visually contaminated grass, maize, and sugar beet pulp silages in Belgium, and only 1% of these isolates were Fusarium spp. In this research, only Fusarium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Vandicke

Visschere

Ameye

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Vandicke

Visschere

Ameye

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Silver/Chitosan Nanocomposites: Preparation and Characterization and Their Fungicidal Activity against Dairy Cattle Toxicosis Penicillium expansum

Alghuthaymi

Abd-Elsalam

Shami

et al. 2020

JoF

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This work aimed to evaluate the fungicide activity of chitosan-silver nanocomposites (Ag-Chit-NCs) against Penicillium expansum from feed samples. The physicochemical properties of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological integrity of the nanohybrid was confirmed by electron transmission. By the data of RFA (X-ray fluorescent analysis), the contents of Ag in Ag-chitosan composite were 5.9 w/w%. The size distribution of the Ag nanoparticles incorporated in the chitosan matrix was investigated by SAXS. The main part of the size heterogeneity distribution in the chitosan matrix corresponds to the portion of small particles (3–4 nm). TEM analysis revealed a spherical morphology in the form of non-agglomerated caps, and 72% of the nanoparticles measured up to 4 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of NCs was evaluated in petri dishes. Three different concentrations were tested for antifungal activity against the mycotoxigenic P. expansum strain. Changes in the mycelium structure of P. expansum fungi by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were observed to obtain information about the mode of action of Ag-Chit-NCs. It was shown that NC-Chit-NCs with sizes in the range from 4 to 10 nm have internalized sizes in cells, form agglomerates in the cytoplasm, and bind to cell organelles. Besides, their ability to influence protein and DNA fragmentation was examined in P. expansum. SDS-PAGE explains the apparent cellular protein response to the presence of various Ag-Chit-NCs. The intensity of P. expansum hyphal cell protein lines treated with Ag-Chit-NCs was very thin, indicating that high molecular weight proteins are largely prevented from entering the electrophoretic gel, which reflects cellular protein modification and possible damage caused by the binding of several protein fragments to Ag-Chit-NCs. The current results indicate that Ag-Chit-NCs <10 nm in size have significant antifungal activity against P. expansum, the causative agent of blue mold-contaminated dairy cattle feed.

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Effect of Intrinsic Tannins on the Fermentation Quality and Associated with the Bacterial and Fungal Community of Sainfoin Silage

et al. 2022

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Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is rich in condensed tannins (CT). CT function includes inhibiting bacterial and fungi activity during the ensiling process. We used polyethylene glycol (PEG) to deactivate tannin activity to find out the effects of CT. The results show that the addition of PEG increased dry-matter loss (8.32% vs. 14.15%, on a dry-matter basis) after 60 d of ensiling, and also increased lactic acid (10.90% vs. 15.90%, on a dry-matter basis) and acetic-acid content (7.32% vs. 13.85%, on a dry-matter basis) after 30 d of ensiling. The PEG-treated group increased its Pediococcus relative abundance (0.37–3.38% vs. 7.82–23.5%,) during the ensiling process, increased its Gibellulopsis relative abundance after 3 d of ensiling (5.96% vs. 19.52%), increased its Vishniacozyma relative abundance after 3 d and 7 d of ensiling (2.36% vs. 17.02%, 3.65% vs. 17.17%), and increased its Aspergillus relative abundance after 7 d, 14 d and 60 d of ensiling (0.28% vs. 1.32%, 0.49% vs. 2.84% and 1.74% vs. 7.56%). However, the PEG-treated group decreased its Alternaria relative abundance during entire ensiling process (14.00–25.21% vs. 3.33–7.49%). These results suggest that condensed tannins inhibit lactic-acid bacteria fermentation though reducing Pediococcus activity, and inhibiting fungi activity depending on different strains.

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Survey of Fungal Diversity in Silages Supplied to Dairy Cattle in Belgium Over a Two-Year Period

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Silver/Chitosan Nanocomposites: Preparation and Characterization and Their Fungicidal Activity against Dairy Cattle Toxicosis Penicillium expansum

Effect of Intrinsic Tannins on the Fermentation Quality and Associated with the Bacterial and Fungal Community of Sainfoin Silage

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