Survey of bottled waters for perchlorate by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ion chromatography (IC)

Urbansky, Edward T.; Gu, Baohua; Magnuson, Matthew L.; Brown, Gilbert M.; Kelty, Catherine A.

doi:10.1002/1097-0010(20000915)80:12<1798::aid-jsfa723>3.0.co;2-j

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Hypochlorite generation was shown to produce high levels of chlorate, resulting in a greater than 200 µg/L increase in chlorate concentration of finished drinking water. Due to the highly sensitive method applied here, bottled waters were found to contain detectable levels of perchlorate, in contrast to previous data to the contrary using a less sensitive method (26). It is interesting to note that three bottled waters exceed the EPA bromate regulation of 10 µg/L, with one sample at nearly 8-fold greater than the bromate MCL.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Snyder

Vanderford

Rexing

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

182

112

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A simple and rapid method has been developed to simultaneously measure sub-µg/L quantities of the oxyhalide anions bromate, chlorate, iodate, and perchlorate in water samples. Water samples (10 mL) are passed through barium and hydronium cartridges to remove sulfate and carbonate, respectively. The method utilizes the direct injection of 10 µL volumes of water samples into a liquid chromatography-tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Ionization is accomplished using electrospray ionization in negative mode. The method detection limits were 0.021 µg/L for perchlorate, 0.045 µg/L for bromate, 0.070 µg/L for iodate, and 0.045 µg/L for chlorate anions in water. The LC-MS/MS method described here was compared to established EPA methods 300.1 and 317.1 for bromate analysis and EPA method 314.0 for perchlorate analysis. Samples collected from sites with known contamination were split and sent to certified laboratories utilizing EPA methods for bromate and perchlorate analysis. At concentrations above the reporting limits for EPA methods, the method described here was always within 20% of the established methods, and generally within 10%. Twenty-one commercially available bottled waters were analyzed for oxyhalides. The majority of bottled waters contained detectable levels of oxyhalides, with perchlorate e0.74 µg/L, bromate e76 µg/L, iodate e25 µg/ L, and chlorate e5.8 µg/L. Perchlorate, iodate, and chlorate were detectable in nearly all natural waters tested, while bromate was only detected in treated waters. Perchlorate was found in several rivers and reservoirs where it was not found previously using EPA 314.0 (reporting limit of 4 µg/L). This method was also applied to common detergents used for cleaning laboratory glassware and equipment to evaluate the potential for sample contamination. Only chlorate appeared as a major oxyhalide in the detergents evaluated, with concentrations up to 517 µg/g. Drinking water treatment plants were also evaluated using this method. Significant formations of chlorate and bromate are demonstrated from hypochlorite generation and ozonation. From the limited data set provided here, it appears that perchlorate is a ubiquitous contaminant of natural waters at trace levels.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Snyder

Vanderford

Rexing

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

182

112

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“…Several analytical methods have been applied to the analysis of perchlorate including spectrophotometry, electrochemistry, CE, ion chromatography (IC), and MS as reviewed by Urbansky 1. The most frequently used method for measurement of oxyhalide anions is IC with conductivity detection (IC‐CD) 18, 19. US EPA method 314.0, based on IC‐CD, is commonly used for perchlorate analysis, and typically has a reporting limit of 4 μg/L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace determination of perchlorate using electromembrane extraction and capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection

et al. 2011

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Electromembrane extraction (EME) and CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4) D) was applied to rapid and sensitive determination of perchlorate in drinking water and environmental samples. Porous polypropylene hollow fiber impregnated with 1-heptanol acted as a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and perchlorate was transported and preconcentrated in the fiber lumen on application of electric field. High selectivity of perchlorate determination and its baseline separation from major inorganic anions was achieved in CE-C(4) D using background electrolyte solution consisting of 7.5 mM L-histidine and 40 mM acetic acid at pH 4.1. The analytical method showed excellent parameters in terms of reproducibility; RSD values for migration times and peak areas at a spiked concentration of 15 μg/L of perchlorate (US EPA recommended limit for drinking water) were below 0.2 and 8.7%, respectively, in all examined water samples. Linear calibration curves were obtained for perchlorate in the concentration range 1-100 μg/L (r(2) ≥0.999) with limits of detection at 1 μg/L for tap water and at 0.25-0.35 μg/L for environmental and bottled potable water samples. Recoveries at 15 μg/L of perchlorate were between 95.9 and 106.7% with minimum and maximum recovery values for snow and bottled potable water samples, respectively.

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“…The first study of perchlorate in bottled water was performed by Urbansky et al (2000), using IC coupled with both conductivity and MS detection. Sixteen bottled waters were studied in this report however, perchlorate was not detected above the reporting limit of 5 g/l (Table 30.3).…”

Section: Perchloratementioning

confidence: 99%

Iodate and Perchlorate in Bottled Water

Snyder¹,

Vanderford²,

Rosario‐Ortiz³

2009

Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine

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Survey of bottled waters for perchlorate by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ion chromatography (IC)

Cited by 35 publications

References 18 publications

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

Trace determination of perchlorate using electromembrane extraction and capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection

Iodate and Perchlorate in Bottled Water

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