“…The survey interviewing literature includes several studies demonstrating that CI reduces the bias in survey responses relative to SI (Schober and Conrad, 1997;Conrad and Schober, 2000;Schober et al, 2004Schober et al, , 2012Hubbard et al, 2012;Conrad et al, 2015;Bruckmeier et al, 2015). These studies have shown that, although CI can lead to longer interviews (potentially increasing costs), it can also improve respondents' comprehension of terms in survey questions that may be ambiguous with respect to the situations of particular respondents.…”