“…Residential wood combustion/burning (RWC) in stoves, small boilers, and fireplaces are widely used for heating and for creating a cozy atmosphere in residences in the continental Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden; 1 it is also common in other regions in Europe 2 and worldwide. 3 Due to the incomplete combustion conditions and lack of emission control devices, RWC is also a critical emission source of air pollution, mainly fine particulate matter (PM), 4 which contains substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known to be linked to adverse health effects. 5 Sigsgaard, Forsberg, Annesi-Maesano, Blomberg, Bølling, Boman, Bønløkke, Brauer, Bruce, and Heŕoux et al 6 present evidence that emissions from biomass, including residential solid fuels (RSFs), such as wood crop residue, animal waste, coal, and charcoal, and combustion products negatively affect respiratory and, possibly, cardiovascular health in Europe.…”