Surveillant Assemblages of Governance in Massively Multiplayer Online Games: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract

This paper explores governance in Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs), one sub-sector of the digital games industry. Informed by media governance studies, Surveillance Studies, and game studies, this paper identifies five elements which form part of the system of governance in MMOGs. These elements are: game code and rules; game policies; company community management practices; player participatory practices; and paratexts. Together these governance elements function as a surveillant assemblage, which relies to varying degrees on lateral and hierarchical forms of surveillance, and the assembly of human and nonhuman elements.Using qualitative mixed methods we examine and compare how these elements operate in three commercial MMOGs: Eve Online, World of Warcraft and Tibia. While peer and participatory surveillance elements are important, we identified two major trends in the governance of disruptive behaviours by the game companies in our case studies. Firstly, an increasing reliance on automated forms of dataveillance to control and punish game players, and secondly, increasing recourse to contract law and diminishing user privacy rights. Game players found it difficult to appeal the changing terms and conditions and they turned to creating paratexts outside of the game in an attempt to negotiate the boundaries of the surveillant assemblage. In the wider context of self-regulated governance systems these trends highlight the relevance of consumer rights, privacy, and data protection legislation to online games and the usefulness of bringing game studies and Surveillance Studies into dialogue.

Expectations of artificial intelligence and the performativity of ethics: Implications for communication governance

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Is a Technological Singularity Near Also for Bots in MMOGs?

“…play-time) than human players (De Paoli, 2012). Due to the difficulties arising from the competition with bots, players often advocate for strong measures against their diffusion, such as harsh punishments (De Paoli and Kerr, 2012) or use of monitoring software (De Paoli and Kerr, 2010;Kerr, De Paoli, & Keatinge, 2014 In summary, bots in MMOGs are "illegal and cheating helpers" of humans who can boost their game productivity with automation. Bots are also rudimentary forms of AIs that seek to pass as humans, avoiding detection from monitoring software often used by game companies.…”