Surveillance of phthalate esters in surface waters and sediments in the United States

Michael, Paul R.; Adams, William J.; Werner, A. Frances; Hicks, Orville

doi:10.1002/etc.5620030303

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP), one of the important members in the family of PAEs was listed as environmental priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency ( 1991 ), the European Union ( 1993 ), and China National Environmental Monitoring Center (Wang et al 1995 ). DBP pollutants can enter soils via irrigation and the application of pesticides and plastic film (Michael et al 1984 ). As a result, the decrease in the quality of vegetables caused by DBP pollution has posed a potential risk for human health through the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots

Zhang

Tao

Sun

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Agricultural pollution caused by the use of plastic sheetings has been documented to be a widespread problem in most of the major crop-planting regions of the world. In order to better understand the phytotoxic mechanisms induced by phthalic acid esters involved with this problem, Cucumber sativus L. cv Jinyan No. 4 were sown in pots to the three-leaf-stage in the presence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 0, 30, 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Physiology, biochemistry, and ultrastructure of seedling roots were examined. The results indicated that activities of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)) were stimulated at low-DBP treatments and decreased under higher levels (>100 mg L−1) compared to the controls. On the other hand, SOD and POD provided a better defense against DBP-induced oxidative damage in the roots of cucumber seeding, compared to CAT. The productions of both malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) were promoted under DBP stress. Visible impact on the cytoderm, mitochondrion, and vacuole was detected, possibly as a consequence of free radical generation. These results suggested that activation of the antioxidant system by DBP led to the formation of reactive oxygen species that resulted in cellular damage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots

Zhang

Tao

Sun

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…2003a ). Weathering of plastics and other PE-containing articles results in the release of PEs to the environment, including air and water ( Bauer 1997 ; Michael et al . 1984 ; Tabor and Loper 1985 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Human Exposure to Phthalate Esters: A Comparison of Indirect and Biomonitoring Estimation Methods

Clark¹,

David

Guinn

et al. 2011

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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Humans are potentially exposed to phthalate esters (PEs) through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Studies quantifying exposure to PEs include “biomarker studies” and “indirect studies.” Biomarker studies use measurements of PE metabolites in urine to back-calculate exposure to the parent diester, while indirect studies use the concentration of the PE in each medium of exposure and the rate of intake of that medium to quantify intake of the PE. In this review, exposure estimates from biomarker and indirect studies are compiled and compared for seven PEs to determine if there are regional differences and if there is a preferred approach. The indirect and biomarker methods generally agree with each other within an order of magnitude and discrepancies are explained by difficulties in accounting for use of consumer products, uncertainty concerning absorption, regional differences, and temporal changes. No single method is preferred for estimating intake of all PEs; it is suggested that biomarker estimates be used for low molecular weight PEs for which it is difficult to quantify all sources of exposure and either indirect or biomarker methods be used for higher molecular weight PEs. The indirect methods are useful in identifying sources of exposure while the biomarker methods quantify exposure.

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“…PAE not degraded during the biological treatment and introduced into the soil through agricultural utilization of sewage sludge can be subject to further degradation. However, the most persistent PAEs have been found to persist in soil (Michael et al, 1984). Moreover, Jonsson et al (2003) analyzed leachates from 17 different landfills in Europe and found that PAEs were present in the majority of the leachates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thermal and enzymatic pretreatment of sludge containing phthalate esters prior to mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Gavala

Yenal

Ahring

2004

Biotech & Bioengineering

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The present study aimed at investigating the effect of thermal pretreatment of sludge at 70 degrees C on the anaerobic degradation of three commonly found phthalic acid esters (PAE): di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Also, the enzymatic treatment at 28 degrees C with a commercial lipase was studied as a way to enhance PAE removal. Pretreatment at 70 degrees C of the sludge containing PAE negatively influenced the anaerobic biodegradability of phthalate esters at 37 degrees C. The observed reduction of PAE biodegradation rates after the thermal pretreatment was found to be proportional to the PAE solubility in water: the higher the solubility, the higher the percentage of the reduction (DEP > DBP > DEHP). PAE were slowly degraded during the pretreatment at 70 degrees C, yet this was probably due to physicochemical reactions than to microbial/biological activity. Therefore, thermal pretreatment of sludge containing PAE should be either avoided or combined with a treatment step focusing on PAE reduction. On the other hand, enzymatic treatment was very efficient in the removal of PAE. The enzymatic degradation of DBP, DEP, and DEHP could be one to two orders of magnitude faster than under normal mesophilic anaerobic conditions. Moreover, the enzymatic treatment resulted in the shortest half-life of DEHP in sludge reported so far. Our study further showed that enzymatic treatment with lipases can be applied to raw sludge and its efficiency does not depend on the solids concentration.

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Surveillance of phthalate esters in surface waters and sediments in the United States

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots

Modeling Human Exposure to Phthalate Esters: A Comparison of Indirect and Biomonitoring Estimation Methods

Thermal and enzymatic pretreatment of sludge containing phthalate esters prior to mesophilic anaerobic digestion

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