Surveillance of equine influenza viruses through the <scp>RESPE</scp> network in <scp>F</scp>rance from <scp>N</scp>ovember 2005 to <scp>O</scp>ctober 2010

Legrand, Loïc; Pitel, Pierre‐Hugues; Marcillaud-Pitel, Christel; Cullinane, Ann; Couroucé, A. M.; Fortier, Guillaume; Freymuth, F.; Pronost, Stéphane

doi:10.1111/evj.12100

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The outbreak occurred mainly in a mixed population of vaccinated and nonvaccinated horses on 3 stud farms in Normandy. Studies of the HA1 portion of the H3 gene revealed a clade 2 virus, similar to strains circulating previously in Europe .…”

Section: Roundtable Discussion Reportsupporting

confidence: 71%

Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013

Slater

Borchers

Chambers

et al. 2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Roundtable Discussion Reportsupporting

confidence: 71%

Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013

Slater

Borchers

Chambers

et al. 2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Such outbreaks are particularly frustrating for trainers who frequently expect that compliance with the influenza vaccine regulations guarantees protection from EI. Vaccine breakdowns combined with the lack of harmonisation of the vaccine regimes required by different regulatory authorities and those recommended by the manufacturers, raise questions relative to optimum vaccination schedules . Mathematical models used to compare alternative booster intervals post primary vaccination predict that increasing the frequency of vaccination offers a significant increase in protection .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza: Working towards an evidence‐based regime

Cullinane

Gildea

Weldon

2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing study: Vaccination is crucial to the control of equine influenza (EI). The study was conducted in an effort to lay the groundwork for achieving international harmonisation of regulatory requirements based on scientific evidence of performance of different vaccination regimes. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of 3 different primary vaccination regimes: vaccination with the minimal intervals permitted by the racing authorities; vaccination in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and vaccination with the longest intervals permitted by the racing authorities. Study design: Randomised, prospective clinical trial. Methods: The 55 seronegative unvaccinated horses in this study were subdivided by age and randomly allocated one of the 3 vaccination regimes. All groups were sampled each time a group was vaccinated and 3-5 weeks post vaccination. Horses were vaccinated with a subunit immune stimulating complex-based vaccine (Equip FT). Antibodies against EI were measured by single radial haemolysis. Results: Lengthening the vaccination intervals increased the immunity gaps between first (V1) and second (V2) doses, and V2 and third dose (V3) but did not inhibit the response to V2 and V3. The response to V2 and V3 was similar irrespective of the regime. Poor responders to V1 were identified in all age groups included in this study but the greatest number of poor responders was among the yearlings. The 2-and 3-year-old horses responded better to vaccination than the weanlings or yearlings. Conclusions: Longer vaccination intervals permitted by racing authorities increase the periods of susceptibility to EI but they may facilitate strategic vaccination prior to times of increased risk of exposure to virus. The study provides the type of evidence-based data necessary to commence meaningful discussion of international harmonisation of EI vaccination requirements.

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“…Most cases of EI identified in Europe, from 2006 to 2008, belong to the Florida clade 2 (FC2), because it was the predominant strain with a major outbreak in Sweden in 2007. On the other hand, the Florida clade 1 (FC1) has been identified more sporadically, and few outbreaks have been associated with this strain (Bryant et al, , 2011Gildea et al, 2012;Legrand et al, 2013;Woodward et al, 2014). The FC1 is the main cause of outbreaks in the United States, whereas FC2 is more recently occurring in North America, having only been identified for the first time in a horse imported from Europe (Bryant et al, 2011;Pusterla, et al, 2014).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Dionísio

Medeiros

Pequito

et al. 2021

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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Influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. There are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. Equine influenza (EI) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in Prague. The influenza A viruses responsible for EI are H7N7 and H3N8. Outbreaks of EI are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize H3N8 outbreaks in several countries. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is based on the clinical signs presented by the infected animals, which can be confirmed by performing complementary diagnostic tests. In the diagnosis of EI, in the field, rapid antigen detection tests can be used for a first approach. Treatment is based on the management of the disease and rest for the animal. Regarding the prognosis, it will depend on several factors, such as the animal's vaccination status. One of the important points in this disease is its prevention, which can be done through vaccination. In addition to decreasing the severity of clinical signs and morbidity during outbreaks, vaccination ensures immunity for the animals, reducing the economic impact of this disease.

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Surveillance of equine influenza viruses through the RESPE network in France from November 2005 to October 2010

Abstract: Implementation of a similar surveillance network in other countries may reduce the economic losses associated with outbreaks of EIV.

Cited by 36 publications

References 28 publications

Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013

Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013

Comparison of primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza: Working towards an evidence‐based regime

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

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