Surveillance for <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> in autopsy cases of birds from small chicken flocks using a real-time PCR assay

Clothier, Kristin A.; Torain, Andrea; Reinl, Steve

doi:10.1177/1040638719844297

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A wide range of pathogens is associated with respiratory infections of poultry. Avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are the most common respiratory viruses, which can produce disease independently, concurrently, or in association with bacterial agents (Broomand et al, 2018;Clothier et al, 2019;Croville et al, 2018). Globally, virus infections have more impact on poultry production as compared to infection with other pathogens (Bertran et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Rahman

Nooruzzaman

Kabiraj

et al. 2021

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Poultry production in Bangladesh has been experiencing H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) for the last 14 years. Vaccination of chickens against H5 HPAI is in practice since the end of 2012. Subsequently, the official reporting of HPAI outbreaks gradually decreased.However, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial poultry production is not clear. To explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 small-scale commercial layer farms in 20 villages of Mymensingh and Tangail districts of Bangladesh during 2017 and 2018 for the presence of diseases with respiratory signs. A total of 88 farms with respiratory disease problems were identified and investigated during the surveillance. In addition, 22 small-scale commercial layer farms in the neighbouring areas with respiratory disease problem were also investigated on request from the farmers. Pooled samples of oropharyngeal swabs from live birds or respiratory tissues from dead birds of the farm suffering from respiratory disease problem were tested for molecular detection of avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avibacterium paragallinarum. A total of 110 farms (88 in the surveillance site and 22 in the neighbouring region) were investigated, and one or more respiratory pathogens were detected from 89 farms.AIV was detected in 57 farms often concurrently with other pathogens. Among these 57 farms, H5, H9, both H5 and H9 or non-H5 and non-H9 AIV were detected in 28, 9, 13 or 7 farms, respectively. Birds of most of the H5 AIV-positive farms did not present typical clinical signs or high mortality. Twenty such farms were observed longitudinally, which had only 1.05%-5.50% mortality but a marked drop in egg production. This widespread circulation of H5 AIV along with H9 AIV and other pathogens in small-scale commercial layer farms, often with low mortality, reaffirms the enzootic circulation of AIV in Bangladesh, which may escape syndromic surveillance focused on unusual mortality only. To reduce public health risks, strengthening of the | 897 RAHMAN et Al.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Rahman

Nooruzzaman

Kabiraj

et al. 2021

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…First, for certain pathogens, susceptibility varies with chicken age. Second, the type of sample should be appropriately selected based the organs targeted by the pathogen [ 2 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 19 , 22 , 30 , 31 ]. Third, estrogen is known to activate CAV [ 15 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a one-run real-time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with poultry infectious diseases

SHIBANUMA

Nunomura

Oba

et al. 2023

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Infectious diseases are an important issue in the poultry industry, requiring early diagnosis and countermeasures. To address this, we present a system based on TaqMan real-time PCR to detect pathogen genome in specimens collected from chickens. We designed 12 primer-probe sets for pathogens causing respiratory or systemic symptoms. In field samples, we detected three viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses, and three bacteria. The chicken anemia virus and Avibacterium paragallinarum were detected only in young hens. Bacteria were detected only in throat swabs, and Marek's disease virus was detected in different specimens at each developmental stage. Our novel TaqMan real-time PCR system effectively detects pathogen's gene in chickens, while taking age into account.

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Recommendation of a standardized broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Avibacterium paragallinarum and resistance monitoring

Gütgemann,

Heuvelink,

Müller

et al. 2024

J Clin Microbiol

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This study aimed to develop a method for standardized broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Avibacterium ( Av .) paragallinarum , the causative agent of infectious coryza in chickens. For this, a total of 83 Av. paragallinarum isolates and strains were collected from 15 countries. To select unrelated isolates for method validation steps, macrorestriction analyses were performed with 15 Av. paragallinarum . The visible growth of Av. paragallinarum was examined in six broth media and growth curves were compiled. In Veterinary Fastidious Medium and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) + 1% chicken serum + 0.0025% NADH (CAMHB + CS + NADH), visible growth of all isolates was detected and both media allowed adequate bacterial growth. Due to the better readability of Av. paragallinarum growth in microtiter plates, CAMHB + CS + NADH was chosen for AST. Repetitions of MIC testing with five epidemiologically unrelated isolates using a panel of 24 antimicrobial agents resulted in high essential MIC agreements of 96%–100% after 48-h incubation at 35 ± 2°C. Hence, the remaining 78 Av. paragallinarum were tested and demonstrated easily readable MICs with the proposed method. Differences in MICs were detected between isolates from different continents, with isolates from Africa showing lower MICs compared to isolates from America and Europe, which more often showed elevated MICs of aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PCR analyses of isolates used for method development revealed that isolates with elevated MICs of tetracyclines harbored the tetracycline resistance gene tet (B) but none of the other tested resistance genes were detected. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing data from 62 Av. paragallinarum were analyzed and revealed the presence of sequences showing nucleotide sequence identity to the genes aph(6)-Id , aph(3″)-Ib , bla TEM-1B , catA2, sul2 , tet (B), tet (H), and mcr- like. Overall, the proposed method using CAMHB + CS + NADH for susceptibility testing with 48-h incubation time at 35 ± 2°C in ambient air was shown to be suitable for Av. paragallinarum . Due to a variety of resistance genes detected, the development of clinical breakpoints is highly recommended. IMPORTANCE Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important pathogen in veterinary medicine that causes infectious coryza in chickens. Since antibiotics are often used for treatment and resistance of the pathogen is known, targeted therapy should be given after resistance testing of the pathogen. Unfortunately, there is currently no accepted method in standards that allows susceptibility testing of this fastidious pathogen. Therefore, we have worked out a method that allows harmonized susceptibility testing of the pathogen. The method meets the requirements of the CLSI and could be used by diagnostic laboratories.

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Surveillance for Avibacterium paragallinarum in autopsy cases of birds from small chicken flocks using a real-time PCR assay

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Development of a one-run real-time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with poultry infectious diseases

Recommendation of a standardized broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Avibacterium paragallinarum and resistance monitoring

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