Surveillance for arboviruses in the Soviet Union: relationships between ecologic zones and virus distribution

Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska.

“…[9][10][11] Recent ecologic studies in the CIS have documented widespread northern circulation of CA GP viruses (TAH, SSH, and INK), as well as two alphaviruses (Togaviridae): Sindbis (SIN) virus in the West and Getah (GET) virus in the East. 12 Another bunyavirus, Batai (BAT; Bunyamwera serogroup) is present at low levels in northern latitudes. 12 Of particular relevance are virus studies done in northeastern Russia-Chukotka, including the Chukchi Peninsula, and Kamchatka-lying across the Bering Sea from Alaska's western coastline.…”

“…12 Another bunyavirus, Batai (BAT; Bunyamwera serogroup) is present at low levels in northern latitudes. 12 Of particular relevance are virus studies done in northeastern Russia-Chukotka, including the Chukchi Peninsula, and Kamchatka-lying across the Bering Sea from Alaska's western coastline. [13][14][15] Human serosurveys done in forest and tundra landscapes have shown a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to TAH virus (27-46%) and a prevalence of 7% to GET virus.…”

West Nile Encephalitis in Russia 1999‐2001

“…1). 2,5,6 In the same regions, anti‐WN IgG antibody was found in 0.4‐4% of healthy adult donors (Fig. 2).…”

“…The Astrakhan Region was the most affected area; up to 8% of the healthy human population were WN‐seropositive and sporadic human clinical cases were observed 7. Southern areas of Russia have a climate consistent with successful mosquito‐to‐vertebrate transmission of WNV, at least in some hot summers 2,6,8,9…”

“…1). This may be the mechanism of WNV persistence in Russian conditions 2,6,7. Therefore, tick surveillance is also desirable. Active bird surveillance to monitor WN virus activity in both wild and sentinel bird populations, and, in particular, surveillance for dead crows (CDC).…”