Surveillance for Antibiotic-Resistant E. coli in the Salish Sea Ecosystem

Vingino, Alexandria R; Roberts, Marilyn C.; Wainstein, Michelle; West, James E.; Norman, Stephanie A.; Lambourn, Dyanna M.; Lahti, Jeffery; Ruiz, Ryan; D’Angeli, Marisa A; Weissman, Scott J.; Rabinowitz, Peter

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10101201

Cited by 11 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Few instances bla SHV , bla OXA-like-1 , bla CMY-2 , catA1 , catA2 , floR , tet (D), dfrA1 , dfrA5 , and qnrS were detected. Most of these genes have already been reported in other studies of resistant bacteria from marine mammals [ 85 , 87 , 90 ]. In the present study, a corresponding resistance gene was not detectable for all resistant isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The occurrence of resistant E. coli was higher in the samples from the Baltic Sea (44.4%) compared to those from the North Sea (33.3%), but without statistical significance. Although not many studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance in marine mammals thus far, resistant bacteria have been reported in various marine mammal species, including pinnipeds and cetaceans from different areas of the world [ 8 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 ]. The occurrence of resistant E. coli isolates varied in the different studies, with reported figures of 10% [ 86 ], 26.9% [ 87 ], 47% [ 8 ], and 50% [ 83 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although not many studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance in marine mammals thus far, resistant bacteria have been reported in various marine mammal species, including pinnipeds and cetaceans from different areas of the world [ 8 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 ]. The occurrence of resistant E. coli isolates varied in the different studies, with reported figures of 10% [ 86 ], 26.9% [ 87 ], 47% [ 8 ], and 50% [ 83 ]. Studies in marine mammals, including different bacterial species, reported the presence of resistant isolates in 35% to 74% of the investigated samples [ 83 , 84 , 86 , 88 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of specific concern is the high rate of resistance seen to streptomycin, as this is one of the watch group antibiotics in the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics for the evaluation and monitoring of use [ 104 ]. On the other hand, none of the isolates showed extended-spectrum β-lactamase activity, and only one isolate was identified as being an AmpC β-lactamase producer, whereas both antimicrobial resistances were frequently detected in Enterobacterales from marine mammals of the US west coast [ 85 , 87 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Marine Mammals of the North and Baltic Seas: Sentinels for Human Health

et al. 2022

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Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat that involves complex, opaque transmission processes in the environment. In particular, wildlife appears to function as a reservoir and vector for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria as well as resistance genes. In the present study, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli was determined in marine mammals and various fish species of the North and Baltic Seas. Rectal or faecal swabs were collected from 66 live-caught or stranded marine mammals and 40 fish specimens. The antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of isolated E. coli were determined using disk diffusion tests and PCR assays. Furthermore, isolates were assigned to the four major phylogenetic groups of E. coli. Additionally, post mortem examinations were performed on 41 of the sampled marine mammals. The investigations revealed resistant E. coli in 39.4% of the marine mammal samples, while no resistant isolates were obtained from any of the fish samples. The obtained isolates most frequently exhibited resistance against aminoglycosides, followed by β-lactams. Of the isolates, 37.2% showed multidrug resistance. Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) mainly carried E. coli isolates belonging to the phylogenetic group B1, while seal isolates were most frequently assigned to group B2. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, no significant differences were seen between the two sampling areas or different health parameters, but multidrug-resistant isolates were more frequent in harbour porpoises than in the sampled seals. The presented results provide information on the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the North and Baltic Seas, and highlight the role of these resident marine mammal species as sentinels from a One Health perspective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Marine Mammals of the North and Baltic Seas: Sentinels for Human Health

et al. 2022

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“…There is tremendous genetic diversity among E. coli, and Multi-locus Sequencing Typing (MLST) has been used to partition E. coli into genetically related groups by assigning sequence types (STs) based on allelic variation within specific housekeeping genes (Ibarz Pavoń and Maiden, 2009). Since its inception, MLST has been used to characterize the epidemiologic behavior of various clones of E. coli (Jolley et al, 2018;Vingino et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Escherichia coli found in the Salish Sea

et al. 2022

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E. coli is a species of enteric bacteria found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals that can persist in the environment and contaminate food. Anthropogenic activity has led to pathogenic E. coli from humans and animals contaminating environments through the discharge of fecal wastes in sewage and agricultural runoff. While anthropogenic sources of E. coli have been described in terrestrial and freshwater environments, gaps remain in scientific knowledge about E. coli diversity in marine environments and the risk to human and animal health. This study aims to fill in some of the knowledge gaps on the diversity of E. coli in marine ecosystems, including: 1) describe the spatial variation of the E. coli sequence types (STs) found in the study region; 2) describe available information on E. coli STs from marine environments in terms of known relationships to determine if the isolates were related to human, animal, environment strains or novel. We analyzed a dataset of 332 E. coli isolates from the Salish Sea ecosystem, comprising 196 multi-locus sequence types. Sample sources included marine water near shellfish beds, marine wildlife, river otters, and a small number of marine water sites near beaches and freshwater samples from creeks into the Salish Sea. ST10 was the most frequent ST (n=12) and was found in multiple locations and sample types. For the identified STs, we searched metadata for E. coli STs in EnteroBase, an international E. coli database. Additional information on E. coli STs was derived from searches of published studies in PubMed. We found that diversity varied between different regions of the study area, with the greatest diversity found in an area which has partially treated wastewater outflows. A higher diversity of STs associated with animals was found in an area near were animals are raised. Many of the STs identified have been associated with virulence in humans. For a number of identified STs, no references could be found in either PubMed or EnteroBase. These findings support the importance of further studies to understand the relevance of marine E. coli to human and wildlife health.

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