Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies

Young, Katherine I.; Valdez, Federico; Vaquera, Christina; Campos, Carlos; Zhou, Lawrence; Vessels, Helen K.; Moulton, John K.; Drolet, Barbara S.; Rozo-Lopez, Paula; Pelzel‐McCluskey, Angela M.; Peters, Debra P. C.; Rodrı́guez, Luis L.; Hanley, Kathryn A.

doi:10.3390/pathogens10101264

Cited by 7 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…2009; Mesquita et al . 2017; Young et al . 2021) have focused on the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an arbovirus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae , genus Vesiculovirus , which is known to be transmitted by blackflies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cameroonian blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) harbour a plethora of (RNA) viruses

De Coninck,

Hadermann,

Ingletto

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that onchocerciasis may be associated with epilepsy – hence the name onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE). However, the pathogenesis of OAE still needs to be elucidated, as recent studies failed to detect Onchocerca volvulus in the central nervous system of persons with OAE. Therefore, it was suggested that a potentially neurotropic virus transmitted by blackflies could play a role in triggering OAE. To investigate this hypothesis, adult blackflies were collected in an onchocerciasis-endemic area with a high OAE prevalence in the Ntui Health District, Cameroon. A whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach was used to detect viral sequences in fifty-five pools of ten blackflies. A very high abundance of viral reads was detected across multiple (novel) viral families, including viral families associated with human disease. Although, no genomes closely related to known neurotropic viruses were found in the blackfly virome, the plethora of novel viruses representing novel species, genera and even families, warrant further exploration for their potential to infect vertebrates. These results could serve as a first step for studying the viruses associated with the hematophagous blackfly, which also could be present in their nematode host O. volvulus. Exploring the diversity of viruses in blackflies should be included in the active surveillance of zoonotic diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cameroonian blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) harbour a plethora of (RNA) viruses

De Coninck,

Hadermann,

Ingletto

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Given the limited information on genetic determinants of VSV infection and transmissibility and the conserved nature of the innate immunity in Dipteran vectors [31,57,60], it is possible that differences in viral replication seen between the endemic and epidemic viruses in midges may also occur in other VSV vector species such as black flies (Simulium spp.) [61][62][63][64][65][66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Endemic and Epidemic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Lineages in Culicoides sonorensis Midges

Rozo-Lopez

Pauszek

Velazquez‐Salinas

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) primarily infects livestock and is transmitted by direct contact and vectored by Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Endemic to Central and South America, specific VSV lineages spread northward out of endemic regions of Mexico and into the U.S. sporadically every five to ten years. In 2012, a monophyletic epidemic lineage 1.1 successfully spread northward into the U.S. In contrast, the closest endemic ancestor, lineage 1.2, remained circulating exclusively in endemic regions in Mexico. It is not clear what roles virus-animal interactions and/or virus-vector interactions play in the ability of specific viral lineages to escape endemic regions in Mexico and successfully cause outbreaks in the U.S., nor the genetic basis for such incursions. Whole-genome sequencing of epidemic VSV 1.1 and endemic VSV 1.2 revealed significant differences in just seven amino acids. Previous studies in swine showed that VSV 1.1 was more virulent than VSV 1.2. Here, we compared the efficiency of these two viral lineages to infect the vector Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones) and disseminate to salivary glands for subsequent transmission. Our results showed that midges orally infected with the epidemic VSV 1.1 lineage had significantly higher infection dissemination rates compared to those infected with the endemic VSV 1.2 lineage. Thus, in addition to affecting virus-animal interactions, as seen with higher virulence in pigs, small genetic changes may also affect virus-vector interactions, contributing to the ability of specific viral lineages to escape endemic regions via vector-borne transmission.

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“…The number and distribution of haplotypes were determined using the DnaSP software [34]. The haplotype network was built using the PopART software package [35] with the TCS network inference method, using the statistical parsimony method based on Templeton et al [36] and Clement et al [37] and implemented in TCS to visualize the mutation relationships. This approach identifies the number of haplotypes in the data and the number of evolutionary steps taken from one haplotype to another.…”

Section: Haplotype Network Of the Vsnjv Sequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reference source not found.). Due to this geographic barrier, different virus populations have diverged, and thus different transmission patterns [35].…”

Section: Vsnjv Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Tracking of The Origin of Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreaks in 2004 and 2018, Ecuador

Vasco-Julio¹,

Aguilar²,

Maldonado³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an arbovirus causing vesicular stomatitis (VS) in livestock. There are two serotypes recognized: New Jersey (NJ) and Indiana (IND). The virus can be transmitted directly by contact or by vectors. In Ecuador, in the year 2018, an outbreak of Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) in cattle, caused by VSV-NJ and VSV-IND, was recorded with 399 cases reported distributed over 18 provinces. We determined the phylogenetic relationships among 67 strains. For the construction of phylogenetic trees, the viral phosphoprotein gene was sequenced, and trees were constructed based on the Maximum Likelihood method using 2004 outbreak strains from Ecuador (Genbank) and the 2018 sequences (this article). We built a haplotype network for VSV-NJ to trace the origin of the 2004 and 2018 epizootics through topology and mutations connections. These analyses suggested two different origins, one related with the 2004 outbreak and the other from an enzootic transmission source in 2018. Our analysis also suggests different transmission patterns with several small and independent outbreaks, most probably transmitted by vectors in the Amazon, and in the Andes and Coast region by the movement of livestock. We recommend further research for vectors and vertebrate reservoirs in Ecuador to clarify the mechanisms of the reemergence of the virus.

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Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies

Cited by 7 publications

References 71 publications

Cameroonian blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) harbour a plethora of (RNA) viruses

Cameroonian blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) harbour a plethora of (RNA) viruses

Comparison of Endemic and Epidemic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Lineages in Culicoides sonorensis Midges

Molecular Tracking of The Origin of Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreaks in 2004 and 2018, Ecuador

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