Surrogate viruses for testing virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants

Steinmann, J.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2003.12.030

Cited by 91 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…FCV has also been used as a surrogate for NoV in a model of viral removal efficiency in various water treatment processes with inactivation of FCV by chlorine (46), chlorine dioxide (45), ozone (44), UV radiation (8,33), ionizing radiation (8), heating (40), or conventional drinking water treatment systems (18) and wastewater treatment (47). Some studies evaluated FCV inactivation as a surrogate for NoV control in certain settings, like hospitals, nursing homes, and cruise ships, by use of chemicals such as alcohol (16), various ethanol-based hand rubs (28), and other chemical disinfectants (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

Bae

Schwab

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

319

255

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Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a significant cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated drinking water a potential transmission route. The absence of a cell culture infectivity model for NoV necessitates the use of molecular methods and/or viral surrogate models amenable to cell culture to predict NoV inactivation. The NoV surrogates murine NoV (MNV), feline calicivirus (FCV), poliovirus (PV), and male-specific coliphage MS2, in conjunction with Norwalk virus (NV), were spiked into surface water samples (n ‫؍‬ 9) and groundwater samples (n ‫؍‬ 6). Viral persistence was monitored at 25°C and 4°C by periodically analyzing virus infectivity (for all surrogate viruses) and nucleic acid (NA) for all tested viruses. FCV infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than those of the other surrogate viruses. Infectivity reduction rates were significantly higher than NA reduction rates at 25°C (0.18 and 0.09 log 10 /day for FCV, 0.13 and 0.10 log 10 /day for PV, 0.12 and 0.06 log 10 /day for MS2, and 0.09 and 0.05 log 10 /day for MNV) but not significant at 4°C. According to a multiple linear regression model, the NV NA reduction rates (0.04 ؎ 0.01 log 10 /day) were not significantly different from the NA reduction rates of MS2 (0.05 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) and MNV (0.04 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) and were significantly different from those of FCV (0.08 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) and PV (0.09 ؎ 0.03 log 10 /day) at 25°C. In conclusion, MNV shows great promise as a human NoV surrogate due to its genetic similarity and environmental stability. FCV was much less stable and thus questionable as an adequate surrogate for human NoVs in surface water and groundwater.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater

Bae

Schwab

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

319

255

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“…Additionally, MNV could be effectively inactivated by liquid-and fog-based hypochlorous acid solutions on porous and nonporous surfaces (24). In this study, we determined whether alcohols (ethanol and isopropanol), alcohol-based hand rubs (Stérillium, Aniosgel 85NPC, and Purell), and commercial disinfectants (Asphène381, bleach, and Betadine), which are commonly used in French hospitals, could reduce the viral titer of MNV by 4 log 10 as required by European standards for virucidal efficacy, as reviewed previously (27). Plaque assay and realtime reverse transcription (RT)-PCR procedures were evaluated for the detection and the quantification of MNV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…used in French hospitals, could reduce the viral titer of MNV by 4 log 10 as required by European standards for virucidal efficacy, as reviewed previously (27). Plaque assay and realtime reverse transcription (RT)-PCR procedures were evaluated for the detection and the quantification of MNV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Murine Norovirus as a Surrogate To Evaluate Resistance of Human Norovirus to Disinfectants

Belliot

Lavaux

Souihel

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

122

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Murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate to study resistance of human norovirus to disinfectants used in hospitals. MNV was sensitive to alcohol, alcohol hand rubs, bleach, and povidone iodine-based disinfectant. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR results indicated that the presence of viral RNA did not correlate with the presence of infectious virus.Human noroviruses (NoVs) are causative agents of gastroenteritis in all age classes (14). Human NoV is responsible for large outbreaks in community settings like nursing homes or hospitals, in which nosocomial infections have also been reported (11,15,29). Person-to-person, food-borne, and waterborne transmissions of NoV have been documented (11). Previous studies showed that NoVs were resistant in the environment (7,20) and suggested the risk of NoV transmission via contaminated surfaces (3, 13).The study of human NoV has been hampered by the lack of a cell culture system, as reviewed previously (9). To study resistance of human NoV to environmental factors or virucidal agents, cultivatable feline calicivirus (FCV) from the genus Vesivirus has been used as a surrogate until now (27). FCV is sensitive to ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropanol (12, 21). FCV is also inactivated in the presence of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, iodine, or glutaraldehyde (6,8,10,28,30). Alcohol-based hand rubs induced 1 to 2 log 10 50%-tissueculture-infective-dose reductions in the FCV titer in the presence of organic soil (16).Recently the first murine NoV (MNV) was characterized (18) and adapted to cell culture on murine macrophage-related cells (31). The MNV capsid structure, genomic organization, and replication cycle are very similar to those of human NoVs (18,26). Recently Cannon et al. showed that MNV and FCV were resistant to organic solvents and their inactivation rates were similar at 63 and 72°C (2). However, MNV was more resistant than FCV to basic and acidic pHs. Long-term resistance was also higher for MNV than for FCV at room temperature, once resuspended in stool material. Additionally, MNV could be effectively inactivated by liquid-and fog-based hypochlorous acid solutions on porous and nonporous surfaces (24). In this study, we determined whether alcohols (ethanol and isopropanol), alcohol-based hand rubs (Stérillium, Aniosgel 85NPC, and Purell), and commercial disinfectants (Asphène381, bleach, and Betadine), which are commonly used in French hospitals, could reduce the viral titer of MNV by 4 log 10 as required by European standards for virucidal efficacy, as reviewed previously (27). Plaque assay and realtime reverse transcription (RT)-PCR procedures were evaluated for the detection and the quantification of MNV.The RAW cells were maintained as described previously (31). MNV was propagated RAW cells in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and harvested at 2 days postinfection. High-titer MNV stocks were prepared by ultracentrifugation of precleared MNV-infected cell lysate. For MNV titration, the cells were inoculated w...

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“…309 Various 70% alcohol solutions (ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol) were tested against a surrogate of norovirus and ethanol with 30-second exposure demonstrated virucidal activity superior to the others. 310 In a recent experimental study, ethyl alcohol-based products showed significant reductions of the tested surrogate for a non-enveloped human virus; however, activity was not superior to non-antimicrobial or tap/faucet water controls 311 . In general, ethanol has greater activity against viruses than isopropanol 70 .…”

Section: Alcoholsmentioning

confidence: 99%