“…The EIG has been estimated by particle filters (Cavagnaro et al, 2010), sequential Monte Carlo (Drovandi et al, 2014;Moffat et al, 2020), nested Monte Carlo (Myung et al, 2013), multilevel Monte Carlo (Goda et al, 2020), Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Müller et al, 2004), ratio estimation (Kleinegesse & Gutmann, 2019), variational bounds (Foster et al, 2019;2020), Laplace importance sampling (Beck et al, 2018) and more. Methods for specific models have been developed that exploit unique properties, such as in the case of linear models (Verdinelli, 1996), Gaussian Process models (Pandita et al, 2021), and polynomial models (Rainforth et al, 2018).…”