Surgical reconstruction of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: Prospective comparison of flexor digitorum longus substitution combined with lateral column lengthening or medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy

Repeatability and sources of variability in multi-center assessment of segmental foot kinematics in normal adults

“…While the MFM does provide for the characterization of bony deformity through radiographic referencing, feet with deformity were not included in this study. The use of the MFM in patient populations has been demonstrated previously in characterizing the gait patterns of patients with foot/ankle pathology [14,[19][20][21] and assessing changes following surgical correction [12,13]. …”

“…These methods allow the model to account for bony deformities (e.g. hallux valgus, pes planus) and provide a crucial means of evaluating populations with pathology [12][13][14].…”

Body of evidence supporting the clinical use of 3D multisegment foot models: A systematic review

“…The clinical utility of 3DMFMs has been tested in several studies, with a majority of the papers focusing on tibialis posterior dysfunction. The participants in these studies varied widely, with studies presenting only one case [36] or studies including between 14 and 20 impaired persons [35,57]. Studies including the highest number of participants were characterized by cohorts of more than 30 [33,63].…”

“…With respect to the data analysis, it was often unclear how many and which trials were used. Some studies omitted to report the number of trials used [29,40], others only reported the number of trials recorded [27,28,[36][37][38]43,57,60], several clearly indicated how many trials were used for statistical analysis [30][31][32][33][34][35]39,46] and others specified that a mean or median was calculated [41,44,45,48,55].…”

“…However, for the majority of the models an adequate description of the anatomical reference frame (including orientation of the x, y, z axes) was provided and these therefore have the potential to be most reproducible [39,41,46,55,[60][61][62]64,66]. The use of radiographs (Milwaukee Foot Model) [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] or digitized points [39] has been used to improve the identification of the ARF. A deviation from the standard approach of using at least 3 non-collinear markers to determine the ARF was observed in the Heidelberg Foot Measurement Method (HFMM) [55].…”