Surgical Management of Atlantoaxial Subluxation in 23 Dogs

Thomas, William B.; Sorjonen, Donald C.; Simpson, Stephen T.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.1991.tb00348.x

Cited by 80 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by various degrees of spinal cord injury in the region of the cervical spine and is commonly encountered in the field of veterinary neurosurgery [3, 6, 16, 29, 34]. AAI has been reported not only in small-sized dogs, but also in large-sized dogs and cats [12, 27, 32, 35].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two techniques are used for surgical treatment, namely, ventral stabilization and dorsal stabilization. Currently, the former is widely used because the success rate of the surgery is high, and the necessity for re-operation and surgery-related mortality rate are low [2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 22, 24, 34]. In addition, because the articular cartilage of the AAJ is removed and a cancellous bone is grafted during ventral fixation, bone fusion might be promoted with this approach [4, 9, 22, 24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical evaluation of three ventral fixation methods for canine atlantoaxial instability: a cadaveric study

Takahashi

Hakozaki

Kanno

et al. 2016

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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We evaluated comparatively the mechanical strength in three kinds of surgical fixation techniques for canine atlantoaxial joint. Atlantoaxial plate fixation (APF), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fixation (PMF) and transarticular fixation (TAF) were applied to the atlas and axis harvested from healthy beagle dogs, and then, the specimens were tested. The PMF group had significantly higher resistance to flexion than the APF group (P=0.030) and the TAF group (P=0.004). There were no significant differences in resistance to torsion between the APF group and the PMF group, while the APF group had significantly higher resistance to torsion than the TAF group (P=0.037). Considering the possible drawbacks of using PMMA, the APF method is proposed as an alternative to the PMF method.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Biomechanical evaluation of three ventral fixation methods for canine atlantoaxial instability: a cadaveric study

Takahashi

Hakozaki

Kanno

et al. 2016

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…The condition can be traumatic, congenital or developmental in origin. The traumatic form affects dogs of any size, age or breed whereas the congenital and developmental forms usually occur in toy breed dogs younger than one year of age [1-3]. Most clinical cases are result from a combination of congenital or developmental and traumatic causes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Congenital and developmental lesions seen with atlantoaxial subluxation are aplasia (absence) or hypoplasia of the dens [1,3,5-7], dorsal angulation of the dens [1,8-11], non-union of the dens with the vertebral body of the axis [7,12], absence of the transverse ligament of the atlas [13] and incomplete ossification of the atlas [14,15]. Regardless of the type of predisposing lesion, only dorsal subluxation has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute non-ambulatory tetraparesis with absence of the dens in two large breed dogs: case reports with a radiographic study of relatives

et al. 2013

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BackgroundNon-ambulatory tetraparesis with an absence of the dens of C2 (axis) has not previously been reported in large breed dogs. An absence or hypoplasia of the dens has been reported in both small, medium and large breed dogs, but not in closely related animals.MethodsTwo young large-breed dogs (a German shepherd and a Standard poodle) both with an acute onset of non-ambulatory tetraparesis were subjected to physical, neurological and radiographic examinations. Both dogs were euthanased and submitted for postmortem examination within one week of onset of clinical signs. To investigate possible heritability of dens abnormalities, oblique radiographs of the cranial cervical vertebrae were taken of nine and eighteen dogs related to the German shepherd and the Standard poodle, respectively.ResultsAbsence of the dens, atlantoaxial instability and extensive spinal cord injury was found in both case dogs. Radiographs revealed a normal dens in both parents and in the seven littermates of the German shepherd. An absence or hypoplasia of the dens was diagnosed in six relatives of the Standard poodle.ConclusionsAtlantoaxial subluxation with cervical spinal cord injury should be considered as a differential diagnosis in non-ambulatory tetraparetic young large breed dogs. Absence of the dens and no history of external trauma increase the likelihood for this diagnosis. This study provides evidence to suggest that absence or hypoplasia of the dens is inherited in an autosomal way in Standard poodle dogs.

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“…Atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) is a disorder of C1-C2 causing impairment of stability; the causes of instability are associated with aplasia, hypoplasia, dorsal angulation, or non-union of the dens with the C2, and congenital absence of the transverse ligament (Thomas et al, 1991). Recently, craniocervical junction abnormalities (CJA) were identified as complicated congenital malformations at the region of the caudal occiput and first two cervical vertebrae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Craniocervical junction abnormalities with atlantoaxial subluxation caused by ventral subluxation of C2 in a dog

Itoh¹,

Itamoto²,

Eto³

et al. 2017

Open Vet J.

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Craniocervical junction abnormalities with atlantoaxial subluxation caused by ventral subluxation of C2 were diagnosed in a 6-month-old female Pomeranian with tetraplegia as a clinical sign. Lateral survey radiography of the neck with flexion revealed atlantoaxial subluxation with ventral subluxation of C2. Computed tomography revealed absence of dens and atlanto-occipital overlapping. Magnetic resonance imaging showed compression of the spinal cord and indentation of caudal cerebellum. The diagnosis was Chiari-like malformation, atlantoaxial subluxation with ventral displacement of C2, atlanto-occipital overlapping, and syringomyelia. The dog underwent foramen magnum decompression, dorsal laminectomy of C1, and ventral fixation of the atlantoaxial joint. Soon after the operation, voluntary movements of the legs were recovered. Finally, the dog could stand and walk without assistance. The dog had complicated malformations at the craniocervical junction but foramen magnum decompression and dorsal laminectomy for Chiari-like malformation, and ventral fixation for atlantoaxial subluxation resulted in an excellent clinical outcome.

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Surgical Management of Atlantoaxial Subluxation in 23 Dogs

Cited by 80 publications

References 5 publications

Biomechanical evaluation of three ventral fixation methods for canine atlantoaxial instability: a cadaveric study

Biomechanical evaluation of three ventral fixation methods for canine atlantoaxial instability: a cadaveric study

Acute non-ambulatory tetraparesis with absence of the dens in two large breed dogs: case reports with a radiographic study of relatives

Craniocervical junction abnormalities with atlantoaxial subluxation caused by ventral subluxation of C2 in a dog

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