Abstract:Complications are a recognized hazard of surgery. The term is confusing; it has multiple meanings, including surgical error and adverse surgical outcomes. I propose the latter two terms are used. Grading of ‘complications’ is difficult but made easier by grading errors and outcomes separately, though they are not always linked. The exact grades are not established. Error avoidance requires efforts at a personal (surgeon) level, including training, learning and preparation, and at a systems level. Understandin… Show more
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