Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxillofacial region: a systematic review

Abstract

Background The surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla was initially reported as a sequela of Caldwell–Luc type open maxillary sinus procedures. Recently, other etiologies have become apparent and cases have been reported outside of the maxilla. They have the potential for local destruction and at times may mimic a locally aggressive tumor or cyst. We aim to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of the surgical ciliated cyst to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of these lesions. Body A systematic review of the literature using PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to assess the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of this disease. Surgical ciliated cysts of the maxillofacial region shows a 1.1:1 female-to-male ratio with a protracted time to diagnosis (range: 4–22 years). Typically, radiology shows a unilocular radiolucency (95%) and histology predominantly shows pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (58%). The most common treatment of these lesions involves enucleation and curettage. In rare instances, transfacial approaches, resection, and reconstruction are required. Recurrence ranges from 6 to 20%. Conclusion Surgical ciliated cyst should be considered in a patient presenting with an orofacial mass or edema who has a history of maxillofacial injury or surgery. Timely diagnosis will decrease the severity and morbidity associated with this entity. Meticulous surgical technique can aid in the prevention of this lesion.

Clinical and Radiological Characteristics in Patients with Postoperative Maxillary Cyst: A Retrospective Study

“…POMC is more common in women than in men [11]. In this study, POMCs developed in 13 men and 16 women, with a higher predilection for women.…”

“…The lack of awareness of POMCs may lead to misdiagnosis as an odontogenic infection and delayed treatment. The average latency time was 4-22 years [11]. Owing to the long latency time, whether the clinical and radiologic features of POMCs may change over time need to be compared.…”

Maxillary Postsurgical Ciliated Cysts (PSCCs): A Series of Three Cases

“…Other reported symptoms include nonspecific local swelling and discomfort frequently associated with a healthy mucosa [11,12]. Radiologically, the cyst appears as a round, radiolucent, unilocular lesion with defined borders, similar to other jaw cysts [9,[13][14][15][16].…”

“…As suggested by many authors [11], prevention of PSCC can be possible with meticulous surgical technique, including suturing ripped nasal mucosa, removing sinus mucosa during orthognathic or facial trauma procedures, cleaning or changing the saw blades after maxillary osteotomy, avoiding entrapped mucosa between maxillary bones, doing mandible surgery first, and meticulous maintenance of the Schneiderian membrane in sinus lift.…”

Surgical ciliated cysts of the mandible: A systematic review of case reports

“…The traditionally accepted pathogenesis of surgical ciliated cysts involves entrapment of the nasal or maxillary sinus mucosa, a subsequent inciting inflammatory process, and progressively increased osmotic pressure.Together, these steps lead to cyst creation, expansion and enlargement. Classically associated with maxillary sinus surgeries (Gates et al, 2022), they have also been reported in association with orthognathic surgery (Hayhurst et al, 1993), bone graft (Nastri &…”