Surgical Approaches to Cavernous Sinus: A Narrative Review of the Literature with Anatomical Drawings.

Abstract

IIntroduction. The cavernous sinus (CS) is a paired venous sinus in the human brain that is classified as a true dural venous sinus rather than a venous plexus. The entire CS is separated by septa into two small cavities called caves. The CS has a very close resemblance to various key structures present in the head. The CS is a blood compartment that contains ligaments, endothelium, and trabeculae. It is clinically significant because of its position and relationship with several cranial nerves. Clinical implications. For effective management and treatment of CS syndrome, CS thrombosis, carotid-cavernous fistula, and other CS-related problems, CS surgery became necessary. As a result of the lack of sophisticated surgical techniques in the past, CS surgery was exceedingly challenging, complicated, and deadly. The surgery of CSs can benefit from a variety of surgical procedures, including extradural and intradural, endoscopic endonasal, rhomboid, and temporopolar trans cavernous approaches. In this review, numerous surgical procedures for CS are discussed along with their intended uses. Conclusions. A greater understanding of the CS was made possible by the quick modifications and improvements in surgical methods, which aided in neurosurgery procedures.

On the balance beam: facing the challenges of neurosurgical education in the third millennium

“…The neurosurgical community must persist in embracing the newer tools in neurosurgical education, such as simulations, Virtual Reality, and Hybrid conferences, even beyond the COVID-19 era, to further enhance learning in the third millennium. [ 11 , 20 , 24 ]…”

“…Comprehensive knowledge of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropathology is an essential prerequisite to understanding complex neurological conditions and the underpinnings of surgical interventions. [ 24 ] Procedural skills and surgical knowledge are key. An ever-growing array of surgical techniques necessitates a curriculum that judiciously balances traditional methods with innovative approaches, thereby producing neurosurgeons capable of selecting the most fitting technique based on the patient’s specific needs.…”

“…e neurosurgical community must persist in embracing the newer tools in neurosurgical education, such as simulations, Virtual Reality, and Hybrid conferences, even beyond the COVID-19 era, to further enhance learning in the third millennium. [11,20,24] Recently, the introduction of modern training tools like simulators has offered the possibility to train young neurosurgeons in a risk-free environment, facilitating skill development and reducing the learning curve. [10] Neurosurgery continuously progresses, with ongoing developments in technology and an expanding understanding of neurological diseases.…”

Surgical treatment of orbital tumors in a single center: Analysis and results

“…This approach is contraindicated for the resection of tumors of the optic nerve or for tumors that extend into the optic canal. [ 1 , 40 ] The transconjunctival approach implies incision of the conjunctiva inferiorly along the corneal edge. This approach is for small intraconal and extraconal lesions located inferior and medial to the optic nerve.…”

Enhancing microsurgical skills in neurosurgery residents of low-income countries: A comprehensive guide

“…It is an essential skill that neurosurgery residents must acquire during their training (ideally after a long training in the laboratory) to ensure optimal patient outcomes. [ 23 , 26 , 28 , 34 ] However, the availability of well-equipped microsurgery laboratories and resources is often limited, particularly in low-income countries where healthcare facilities face numerous financial constraints. The development of a low-cost microsurgery laboratory tailored to the specific needs of neurosurgery residents in low-income countries is a critical step toward bridging this gap.…”