A lthough the "hard matter" physical sciences (e.g., microelectronics) and the "soft matter" biological sciences (e.g. cell biology and molecular biology) are two distinct areas of research, they are now progressively being combined to create new systems and devices with applications in analytical chemistry. Miniaturization is one of the important factors here: A major goal is to create devices that can operate with high sensitivity and resolution on length scales and time frames relevant to single-molecule studies. Using top-down strategies to fabricate ultrasmall structures is technologically challenging. Therefore, new bottom-up methods of nanoscale fabrication based on self-assembly and self-organization of biological or biomimetic materials are constantly being developed (1-6). The type of nanoscale engineering described in this article has, at least partly, been derived from our growing understanding of living cells, where many nanomechanical and chemical operations are based on controlled shape transitions in surfactant bilayer membranes that also carry proteins to support important functions. Biological cells have a staggering ability to parallel-process multiple chemical reactions and physical (e.g., transport) processes in nanometer-sized systems and to perform a great number of tasks based on single-molecule processes. Thus, nature has solved many engineering problems on small length scales and achieved truly nanoscale, complex chemical devices that can be used for computational, biophysical, synthetic, and analytical applications (7-11). The philosophy behind the work reviewed here is to produce human-made, biomimetic systems that imitate some key features of small biological systems with the overall goal of providing micro-and nanoscale devices that can perform complex chemical operations.