“…Phospholipid vesicles containing dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, the major phospholipid in pulmonary surfactant, induced expression of several macrophage innate immune receptors [162], a property that has also been noted for purified SP-A and SP-D [163][164][165][166][167][168]. In these cases, SP-D influences alveolar macrophage differentiation as indicated by expression of CD11c [169][170][171], while surfactant DPPC and SP-A induced expression and function of several innate immune receptors that so far include the complement receptor CR3 (CD11b), the scavenger receptors SR-A, CD36, and LOX-1, the mannose receptor, toll-like receptors, Fc receptors and the complement receptor CR1 [157,164,169,170]. Adoptive transfer experiments and studies in SP-D-inducible transgenic mice indicate that SP-D contributes to the local differentiation of freshly recruited monocytes in the alveolar space [169][170][171].…”