Surfactant-Mediated Extraction Technique Using Alkyltrimethylammonium Surfactants:  Extraction of Selected Chlorophenols from River Water

Abstract

Presented is a surfactant-mediated extraction procedure that uses an ionic surfactant and corresponding homologues. These surfactants contain the quaternary methylammonium functional group, which absorbs minimally at commonly used ultraviolet (UV)/visible wavelengths. Most surfactant-mediated extraction procedures for highperformance liquid chromatography are limited to applications requiring a detector other than the most commonly used UV/visible detector. Other detectors are necessary because most surfactants used in surfactantmediated extraction methodologies are nonionic in nature and contain chromophores that strongly absorb in the UV/ visible region. The high background created by the injected surfactant-rich aliquot extract makes trace analysis impossible. The utility of the presented procedure is demonstrated through the application of determining selected chlorophenols in river water. Quantitative and qualitative data are readily obtained with this procedure, because of minimal background interference, compared to nonionic surfactant-mediated extractions. Recoveries of greater than 95% and detection limits lower than 62 parts-per-billion for the selected chlorophenols are obtained with this procedure.

Determination of urinary bisphenol A by coacervative microextraction and liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection

“…Application of coacervates to analytical extractions was proposed by Watanabe and coworkers a long time ago [41], and for many years it focused on the use of non-ionic micelle-based coacervates for the extraction of hydrophobic compounds from environmental waters [42,43]. In recent years, the development of coacervates made up of zwitterionic [44], anionic [45] and cationic [46] aqueous micelles, reverse micelles [47] and vesicles [48] have extended significantly the scope of these extractants with regard to both the polarity range of compounds that can be extracted and the samples that may be analyzed (e.g. soil and sediment [49], sludge [50], foods [51], etc.).…”

A capillary-based amperometric flow immunoassay for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

“…Because of their high persistency, chlorophenols tend to accumulate in diverse compartments of the environment, such as water [5,6,7], soil [8,9,10], biological tissues [11] and body fluids [12,13,14,15,16]. Moreover, chlorophenols are highly toxic with the lethal dose (LD 50 ) varying between 0.37 and 900 mg L -1 , depending on the phenol and target cell line tested; the higher the number of chlorine groups per molecule, the more toxic [1].…”

Use of Disposable GRC Electrodes for the Detection of Phenol and Chlorophenols in Liquid Chromatography

“…Trace levels of phenol and CPs from environmental samples are usually quantified using gas chromatography (GC), 1,2 highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), [3][4][5][6][7] and capillary electrophoresis. 8 In general, HPLC can offer the milder conditions for sample preparation, and consequently, the volatile phenolic compounds can be better prevented from being lost as compared to GC approaches.…”