Humic acid, a kind
of widespread organic macromolecule on earth,
is naturally formed through the microbial biodegradation of plant,
animal, and microorganism residues. Because of the large number of
active functional groups (phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl), humic acid
has been considered as a biocompatible, green, and low-cost biosurfactant
recently. In this work, based on the sensitivity of humic acid to
the external chemical environment, the oil/water interfacial behavior
of sodium humate at different pH or in the presence of metal ions
is closely investigated. Sodium humate is significantly enriched toward
the oil/water interface at either low pH or high metal-ion concentration
to adjust the properties of the prepared emulsion, but the mechanisms
are proved to be different when considering the influence of pH and
metal ions. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, humic acid based
surfactant is proposed as a Pickering emulsifier for the first time,
known as solid surfactant. This work promises the great potential
of humic acid as a natural environment-responsive surfactant and has
important implications for the application of humic acid based surfactant
in industry and understanding of the role of humic acid in the natural
environment.