Surfactant Association Structures, Microemulsions, and Emulsions in Foods

Interestification of Butterfat by Lipase fromRhizopus niveusin Reverse Micellar Systems

“…EI-Nokaly et al 35) reported that phosphatidy1choline, an oil-soluble surfactant, adsorbs at the oil/water interface. Friberg and Kayali 19) suggested that above a certain limit of a surfactant concentration in water, called the critical micellization concentration (cmc), the added surfactant forms micelles and the adsorption of the surfactant to the interface does not increase with the surfactant concentration. They reported that phosphatidylcholine and water form reverse micelles.…”

Mixing, Emulsification, and Size Reduction

“…In such a multiple emulsion, the oil layer is thin and water can permeate through it due to an osmotic pressure gradient between the two aqueous phases. This property is used in certain applications including prolonged drug delivery systems, drug overdose treatments, and nutrient administration for special dietary purposes [27][28][29].…”

“…They are clear in appearance, the droplets have a very large contact area and good penetration properties. They have found uses in the application of herbicides and pesticides and the application of drugs both orally and by intravenous injection [29].…”

Experimental investigation of the removal of hydrophobic organic compounds from two Iowa soils using food grade surfactants and recovery of used surfactants

“…However, Shiau et al (1994 b), and West and Harwell (1992) reported that "such an approach is not suitable for subsurface remediation due to the high dosage of NaCI that is required". Alcohol has also been used to promote microemulsification (Friberg and Kayali, 1991). The most fundamental role of alcohol is probably its ability to destroy liquid crystals which reduce the formation of microemulsions.…”

“…The most fundamental role of alcohol is probably its ability to destroy liquid crystals which reduce the formation of microemulsions. However, the traditional cosurfactants (or cosolvent) (middle chain length alcohols, C4 or above) are not suitable for surfactant-aided remediation due to their toxicity (Friberg and Kayali, 1991;Shiau et al, 1994 b;West and Harwell, 1992). Friberg and Kayali (1991) suggested the use of hydrotropes (surfactant-like molecules that do not form micelles) for achieving a middle phase microemulsion.…”