“…Zwitterionic polymers outperformed conventional hydrophilic polymers, such as polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, etc., by superior fouling-resistant ability, durability, and a diversity of molecular structures. , For example, three types of popular zwitterionic polymers, such as poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (pSBMA), , poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA), and poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (pMPC), are well studied and applied to the PVDF membrane for improving the hydrophilicity and antifouling property . Nonetheless, the monomers of the above-mentioned zwitterionic polymers are usually not cheap and require sophisticated synthesis, limiting their practical applications.…”