Surface Wettability of Nanoparticle Modulated Sonothrombolysis

Abstract

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a non‐invasive and highly penetrating treatment strategy under ultrasound irradiation. However, uncertainty in the mechanism of SDT has seriously hindered its future clinical application. Here, the mechanism of SDT enhanced by the wettability of nanoparticles is investigated. Nanoparticles can adsorb and stabilize nanobubbles in liquid, thus enhancing SDT efficiency. The stability of the nanobubbles is positively correlated with the desorption energy of the nanoparticles, which is determined by the wettability of the nanoparticles. This conclusion is verified for mesoporous silica and polystyrene nanoparticles and it is found that nanoparticles with a water contact angle of about 90° possess the largest desorption energy. To further apply this conclusion, thrombus models are constructed on rats and the experimental results demonstrate that nanoparticles with the largest desorption energy have the highest thrombolytic efficiency. It is believed that these findings will help to better understand the SDT mechanism and guide new strategies for rational design of nanoparticles adopted in SDT.

Rational Nanomedicine Design Enhances Clinically Physical Treatment‐Inspired or Combined Immunotherapy

“…[62] In vitro experiments revealed that TiO 2 -Ce6-CpG showed an efficient internalization into the cells (Figure 7c). After various experimental analysis, it was found that CD11c and CD86 as the representative markers of DCs maturation were up-regulated, Enhanced SDT and immune response stimulation [62] Mn-MOF Mn-MOF 4T1 Cyclooxygenase activity rise and GSH content drop [88] sPD-1/Ce6-NBs Ce6, NBs HCC Induced UTND, enhanced SDT and immune response [89] RBC-mTNPs@AQ4N mTNPs, AQ4N, RBC MCF-7 Immune escape, hypoxia activation chemotherapy [63] THPP-Oxa(IV)-PEG THPP, Oxa(IV)SA 2 , PEG 5k -COOH CT26 Immunogenic nanodrug and radioisotope imaging [90] PIH-NO HSA-NO, FDC, IR780 4T1 Mitochondrial damage, drug accumulation, and M2 macrophage polarization into M1 phenotypes [91] LiP-PFH DPPC, DSPC, DSPE-PEG2000 4T1 Enhanced anti-tumor immunity [92] OI_NPs OXP, ICG, PFP ID8 Improved optical and ultrasonic imaging [93] FA-MnPs MNP, FA TNBC M2 macrophages polarized to M1 phenotype, ICD response to activate NK, DC maturation [94] RSL3@O 2 -ICG NBS NBS, ICG, RSL3 HCC Ferroptosis [87] SnNSs@PEG 2D SnNS, PEG H1299 Excellent photothermal efficiency [64] MPN-PALF LOX, ATO, Ce6 4T1 Relieving acidic TME [95] MG@PNPs PMnC, Gox 4T1 MR/PA dual-mode imaging and tumor starvation treatment [96] 𝛼-Fe 2 O 3 @Pt 𝛼-Fe 2 O 3 , Pt 4T1 Inhibiting electron-hole pairs recombination for ROS production [97] P/M@CasMTH1 MOF, CRISPR-Cas9, MTH1 A549 Controlled release and enhanced SDT [86] MitoCAT-g CAT-g, CA, TPP HCC GSH exhaustion [84] Wettability of nanoparticles MSN, PSS Thrombus Enhanced SDT [59] FA-N-GQds FA, N-GQD, pyridine N, pyrrole N MDA-MB-231 High tumor labeling rate [61] ZIF-8 NCS ZIF-8, MOF 4T1 Acidic TME modulation [80] IRO@FANP PLGA, PEG, FA ID8 Enhanced SDT [98] IR820@NCP IR820, FTS HCC Tumor aggregation and fluorescence imaging [99] Pd/H-TiO 2 NSS Pd, NSS C6 Enhanced CDT and SDT [100] indicating that nanosonosensitizer TiO 2 -Ce6-CpG could significantly promote DCs maturation in vitro. In the in vivo experiment of female C57BL/6 mice inoculated with Hepa1-6, it was found that the treatment with such composite sonosensitizers (TiO 2 -Ce6-CpG) combination with PD-L1 inhibitor could not only effectively inhibit the primary tumor but also significantly delay the growth of distant tumors (Figure…”

“…[ 28 , 55 ] Generally, cavitation is classified into inertial cavitation and stable cavitation. [ 55 , 58 ] As cavitation proceeds, energy is released to give birth to shock waves, microjets, high temperature, high pressure, and so on, [ 59 , 60 ] and these biophysical effects could be used enhance HIFU temperature and sonocatalytic ROS production for killing tumor cells.…”

“…), and the last irreversible damages to the tumor cells and induced tumor cell necrosis or apoptosis. [ 59 , 61 , 62 ] In SDT, sonosensitizers are indispensable to convert mechanical energy of ultrasound waves into ROS‐represented chemical energy. Generally, sonosensitizers cover organic nanosonosensitizers and inorganic nanosonosensitizers.…”

Thrombus-targeted Nano-agents for NIR-II Diagnostic Fluorescence Imaging-guided Flap Thromboembolism Multi-model Therapy

“…Red cell was extracted from fresh rat whole blood and mixed with PBS to prepare 2% red blood cell suspension, then incubated with PBS, 0.1%Triton-100, and GPRPP-Y8U@P solution at different concentrations for 3 hours to con rm the blood compatibility [53] . Finally, the absorbance of the supernatant was determined at 540 nm using a microplate reader, re ecting the hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells.…”

“…Finally, the absorbance of the supernatant was determined at 540 nm using a microplate reader, re ecting the hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells. PBS and 0.1%Triton-100 were used as a negative and positive group, respectively [53] .…”