Surface treatment effects of indium–tin oxide in organic light-emitting diodes

Turn-on voltage reduction of organic light-emitting diode using a nickel-doped indium tin oxide anode prepared by single target sputtering

“…For this application, ITO requires high surface work function and smooth surfaces in addition to high transparency and conductivity. Adjusting surface chemical states of an ITO anode by gaseous plasma bombardment [1][2][3], immersion in solutions [4,5], forming self assembled monolayers [6][7][8], introducing a top metallic oxide [9][10][11] or metal elements into ITO matrix [12,13] has been proved to be able to raise ITO surface work function, while chemical mechanical polishing [14,15] or plasma bombardment [16,17] can lead to an improved surface morphology. Raising ITO surface work function enhances hole injection from ITO into organics due to the reduced potential barrier at the ITO/organics interfaces.…”

Effects of oxygen partial pressure on the preferential orientation and surface morphology of ITO films grown by RF magnetron sputtering

“…Surface modifications of ITO films are generally conducted in order to obtain a smooth surface by physical and chemical surface treatments [5,6]. It has been known that surface modification plays an important role in enhancing the electrical and optoelectrical efficiency of OLEDs [7].…”

Surface Property of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) After Various Methods of Cleaning

“…And, it has been known that the work function of such devices is extremely sensitive to the state of the ITO surface, and that the surface properties of the ITO aect the electro and photo-luminescence characteristics of the OLEDs [1,2], and the optical transmittance of the ITO lm [3]. It was shown that dierent eects occurred when dierent surface treatment methods of ITO were applied in the organic light-emitting diode [4]. But, the advent of the exible, wearable or stretchable versions of optoelectronic devices, are opening a new developing trend and application.…”