Surface topography parameters as a correlation factor for liquid droplet erosion test facilities

Tobin, Edmond F.; Rohr, O.; Raps, D.; Willemse, W.; Norman, Peter; Young, Trevor

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.054

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Another difficulty concerns the inability to directly correlate laboratory testing and in-service erosion. Surface topography of test coupons (measured using a confocal laser scanning microscope) has also been used as a means to characterise damage and provide a partial correlation between different test facilities [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Despite the inherent complexities of simulating real-life erosion in a laboratory environment, such testing has been shown to be very helpful in rating rain erosion resistance of different materials and in characterising the induced damage.…”

Section: Case Studies: Effect Of Interface and Adhesion Issues On mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Material Characterisation of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings: The Effect of Interphase Coating–Laminate Adhesion on Rain Erosion Performance

Cortes¹,

Sánchez

O'Carroll

et al. 2017

Materials

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Rain erosion damage, caused by repeated droplet impact on wind turbine blades, is a major cause for concern, even more so at offshore locations with larger blades and higher tip speeds. Due to the negative economic influence of blade erosion, all wind turbine Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are actively seeking solutions. In most cases, since the surface coating plays a decisive role in the blade manufacture and overall performance, it has been identified as an area where a solution may be obtained. In this research, two main coating technologies have been considered: In-mould coatings (Gel coating) applied during moulding on the entire blade surface and the post-mould coatings specifically developed for Leading Edge Protection (LEP). The coating adhesion and erosion is affected by the shock waves created by the collapsing water droplets on impact. The stress waves are reflected and transmitted to the laminate substrate, so microstructural discontinuities in coating layers and interfaces play a key role on its degradation and may accelerate erosion by delamination. Analytical and numerical models are commonly used to relate lifetime prediction and to identify suitable coating and composite substrate combinations based on their potential stress reduction on the interface. Nevertheless, in order to use them, it is necessary to measure the contact adhesion resistance of the multi-layered system interfaces. The rain erosion performance is assessed using an accelerated testing technique, whereby the test material is repeatedly impacted at high speed with water droplets in a Whirling Arm Rain Erosion Rig (WARER). The materials, specifically the coating–laminate interphase region and acoustic properties, are further characterised by several laboratory tests, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), pull-off testing, peeling–adhesion testing and nanoindentation testing. This body of work includes a number of case studies. The first case study compares two of the main coating technologies used in industry (i.e., gel coating and LEP); the second case investigates the effects of the in-mould gel coating curing; and the third considers the inclusion of a primer layer on a LEP configuration system. Following these case studies, the LEP is found to be a far superior coating due to its appropriate mechanical and acoustic properties and the interface between the coating and the substrate is highlighted as a key aspect, as poor adhesion can lead to delamination and, ultimately, premature failure of the coating.

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Section: Case Studies: Effect Of Interface and Adhesion Issues On mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Material Characterisation of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings: The Effect of Interphase Coating–Laminate Adhesion on Rain Erosion Performance

Cortes¹,

Sánchez

O'Carroll

et al. 2017

Materials

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“…A very popular method of recording erosion of the surface topogrphy for comparative blade analysis is conventionalphotography with no magnification [35,36,2,11,18,37,38] as this is an extremely easy and repeatable method; however, the level of detail captured is minimal. This type of recording data is useful for comparing experimental data to the pictures captured within the field as the images recorded from services teams are unable to conduct high detail scans due to time issues.…”

Section: Opticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 9: CLSM scan of sample subject to salt water erosion [39] Recent research has used this technology to consider l into the topic of rain erosion on wind turbine blades [35,36,41,42]. In Tobin's recent work he looks into the analysis of the incubation period in rain erosion using a CLSM.…”

Section: Profilometer Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is simply by comparing the mass of the sample before and after testing. This methodology has been used in many research papers considering the erosion of wind turbine blade materials [57, 18,35,27,30,9,42,25,28,58,59,41,37]. The measurement of mass loss is a very blunt measurement as it does not describe the erosion mechanisms in any detail, however it does allow for a direct comparison between investigations.…”

Section: Mass Loss/ Volume Loss and Erosion Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On analytical tools for assessing the raindrop erosion of wind turbine blades

Pugh

Nash

Reaburn

et al. 2021

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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“…Thus, given a set procedure, the erosion behavior of one material relative to another can be compared. In more recent interlaboratory studies of the rain erosion of coatings at three different testing facilities [11], the duration of the incubation period, rather than the normalized erosion rate, was selected as the most useful measurement. Therefore, a material's resistance to the onset of damage, based on the duration of a negligible initial IWR, found use as a practical engineering metric.…”

Section: Non-linear Wear Behavior During Erosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How common is the steady-state? The implications of wear transitions for materials selection and design

Blau¹

2015

Wear

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a b s t r a c tLike other forms of mechanical damage, wear may progress in stages, the length and severity of which depend upon the type of wear and the nature of the tribosystem. Wear rates, wear coefficients, and wear factors are commonly reported as normalized quantities whose units imply a linear relationship with variables such as sliding distance, number of repetitive cycles, elapsed time, and normal force. Unfortunately, such implied linearity can be misleading in design-specific material selection. Examples of non-linear wear characteristics are provided for erosive wear, abrasive wear, fretting wear, and nonabrasive (also known as 'adhesive') wear. The differences between a system-specific, linearized wear rate and the instantaneous wear rate will be discussed, as will the difference between sequential and simultaneous wear transitions. The practice of linear normalization ignores such phenomena as incubation periods, running-in, and post-steady-state transitions, leading to misleading dependencies of wear rates on the sliding distance and sampling interval. Some current ASTM testing standards, notably those on erosion testing, account for the non-linear behavior of wear, but others, such as tests for sliding wear, usually do not. This article discusses non-linear wear behavior of several kinds, how the data can be treated, how wear rate notation can be improved, and how recognizing certain non-steadystate behavior can improve the basic understanding, modeling, and testing of wear.

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Surface topography parameters as a correlation factor for liquid droplet erosion test facilities

Cited by 20 publications

References 16 publications

On the Material Characterisation of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings: The Effect of Interphase Coating–Laminate Adhesion on Rain Erosion Performance

On the Material Characterisation of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings: The Effect of Interphase Coating–Laminate Adhesion on Rain Erosion Performance

On analytical tools for assessing the raindrop erosion of wind turbine blades

How common is the steady-state? The implications of wear transitions for materials selection and design

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