Surface tension and molar surface free energy and entropy of water to -27.2.degree.C

Floriano, Michele; Angell, Charles

doi:10.1021/j100373a059

Cited by 84 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…The measuring technique was based on a modification of the standard capillary rise approach. 22,24 A vertical capillary tube, whose lower end was submerged in a liquid container with a lid, was partly located in the laboratory Figure 1. Scheme of the experimental apparatus.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

et al. 2015

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Measurements of the surface tension of supercooled water down to −25°C have been reported recently (Hrubýet al. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 425−428). These experiments did not show any anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension of supercooled water reported by some earlier measurements and molecular simulations. In the present work, this finding is confirmed using a counterpressure capillary rise method (the counterpressure method) as well as through the use of the classical capillary rise method (the height method). In the counterpressure method, the liquid meniscus inside the vertical capillary tube was kept at a fixed position with an in-house developed helium distribution setup. A preset counterpressure was applied to the liquid meniscus when its temperature changed from a reference temperature (30°C) to the temperature of interest. The magnitude of the counterpressure was adjusted such that the meniscus remained at the same height, thus compensating the change of the surface tension. One advantage of the counterpressure method over the height method consists of avoiding the uncertainty due to a possible variation of the capillary diameter along its length. A second advantage is that the equilibration time due to the capillary flow of the highly viscous supercooled water can be shortened. For both the counterpressure method and the height method, the actual results are relative values of surface tension with respect to the surface tension of water at the reference temperature. The combined relative standard uncertainty of the relative surface tensions is less than or equal to 0.18%. The new data between −26 and +30°C lie close to the IAPWS correlation for the surface tension of ordinary water extrapolated below 0.01°C and do not exhibit any anomalous features. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe surface tension of supercooled liquids, in particular, water and aqueous mixtures, is an important property both in academia and in industry. It plays an essential role in atmospheric research of the nucleation and growth of water droplets 1 and ice crystals. 2 It is known that water in clouds can persist in a supercooled liquid form at temperatures down to −38°C. 3 Manka et al. 4 recently showed that liquid water nanodroplets rather than ice crystals form by homogeneous nucleation at temperatures down to −73°C. Reliable data for the surface tension of supercooled aqueous systems are also important in technical applications such as operation of wind turbines, 5 aircraft icing, 6 or design of secondary refrigeration systems operating with brine. 7 Compared to other fluids, water shows several anomalies at low temperatures, e.g., the well-known maximum in the liquid density at +4°C at atmospheric pressure. The unusual behavior of liquid water becomes more distinct in the metastable supercooled region below 0°C. For instance, the isobaric heat capacity and the isothermal compressibility seemingly diverge (or approach a sharp maximum) when extrapolated to temperatures around −45°C, i.e., below the homogeneous nuc...

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Section: ■ Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

et al. 2015

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“…Unlike in case of Floriano and Angell [2] who used nitrogen flow for varying the temperature of the meniscus inside the capillary tube, the glass chamber with the capillary tube has been connected to two thermostatic baths with liquid ethanol in this study. Liquid ethanol flowing through the chamber assures significantly higher heat transfer and consequently better temperature regulation than gaseous nitrogen.…”

Section: Temperature Control Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic measuring method is inspired by the approach by Floriano and Angell [2]. The surface tension of the metastable supercooled water can be measured using a modified capillary elevation method when the upper meniscus inside a vertical capillary tube is cooled down, while a liquid column below the meniscus together with a water container can be left at an ambient temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of an experimental apparatus for measurement of the surface tension of metastable fluids

Vinš

Hrubý

Hykl

et al. 2013

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract.A unique experimental apparatus for measurement of the surface tension of aqueous mixtures has been designed, manufactured, and tested in our laboratory. The novelty of the setup is that it allows measurement of surface tension by two different methods: a modified capillary elevation method in a long vertical capillary tube and a method inspired by the approach of Hacker (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note 2510, 1-20, 1951, i.e. in a short horizontal capillary tube. Functionality of all main components of the apparatus, e.g., glass chamber with the capillary tube, temperature control unit consisting of two thermostatic baths with special valves for rapid temperature jumps, helium distribution setup allowing pressure variation above the liquid meniscus inside the capillary tube, has been successfully tested. Preliminary results for the surface tension of the stable and metastable supercooled water measured by the capillary elevation method at atmospheric pressure are provided. The surface tension of water measured at temperatures between +26 °C and -11 °C is in good agreement with the extrapolated IAPWS correlation (IAPWS Release on Surface Tension of Ordinary Water Substance, September 1994); however it disagrees with data by Hacker.

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“…However, correlation (1) was not derived using any data in the supercooled region. In the time of revision of the IAPWS correlation, only few data points for the surface tension of supercooled water were available; namely data by Humphreys and Mohler [6] from 1895 measured down to -8 °C, Hacker's data [7] from 1951, and rather scattered data by Floriano and Angel [8] from 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An apparatus with a horizontal capillary tube intended for measurement of the surface tension of supercooled liquids

Vinš

Hošek

Hykl

et al. 2015

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. New experimental apparatus for measurement of the surface tension of liquids under the metastable supercooled state has been designed and assembled in the study. The measuring technique is similar to the method employed by P.T. Hacker [NACA TN 2510] in 1951. A short liquid thread of the liquid sample was sucked inside a horizontal capillary tube partly placed in a temperature-controlled glass chamber. One end of the capillary tube was connected to a setup with inert gas which allowed for precise tuning of the gas overpressure in order of hundreds of Pa. The open end of the capillary tube was precisely grinded and polished before the measurement in order to assure planarity and perpendicularity of the outer surface. The liquid meniscus at the open end was illuminated by a laser beam and observed by a digital camera. Application of an increasing overpressure of the inert gas at the inner meniscus of the liquid thread caused variation of the outer meniscus such that it gradually changed from concave to flat and subsequently convex shape. The surface tension at the temperature of the inner meniscus could be evaluated from the overpressure corresponding to exactly planar outer meniscus. Detailed description of the new setup together with results of the preliminary tests is provided in the study.

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Surface tension and molar surface free energy and entropy of water to -27.2.degree.C

Cited by 84 publications

References 0 publications

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

Design of an experimental apparatus for measurement of the surface tension of metastable fluids

An apparatus with a horizontal capillary tube intended for measurement of the surface tension of supercooled liquids

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