Surface structure and electrochemical characteristics of boron-doped diamond exposed to rf N2-plasma

Denisenko, Andrej; Romanyuk, Andriy; Kibler, Ludwig A.; Kohn, E.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.04.021

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…However, high plasma powers can lead to extensive dissociation of the ammonia molecules, leading to the formation of cyano groups, amino groups, and other forms of surface nitrogen that are not easy to protonate to form positively charged surface groups. [21,44]. Wei and co-workers reported good results using a microwave plasma, optimized at powers much lower than those typically used for diamond growth [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino-terminated diamond surfaces: Photoelectron emission and photocatalytic properties

Zhu

Bandy

et al. 2016

Surface Science

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We report a new approach to making stable negative electron-affinity diamond surfaces by terminating diamond with amino groups (also known as amine groups,-NH 2). Previous studies have shown that negative electron affinity can be induced by terminating diamond surfaces with hydrogen, creating a surface dipole favorable toward electron emission. Here, we demonstrate that covalent tethering of positive charges in the form of protonated amino groups,-NH 3 + , also leads to negative electron affinity (NEA) and facile electron emission into vacuum and into water. Amino-terminated diamond was prepared using a very mild plasma discharge. Valence-band photoemission studies of the amino-terminated diamond samples show a characteristic "NEA" peak, demonstrating that the amino-terminated surface has NEA. Diamond's ability to emit electrons into water was evaluated using photochemical conversion of N 2 to NH 3. Time-resolved surface photovoltage studies were used to characterize charge separation at the diamond interface, and Mott-Schottky measurements were performed to characterize band-bending at the diamond-water interface. XPS studies show that the amino-terminated surfaces provide increased chemical resistance to oxidation compared with H-terminated diamond when illuminated with ultraviolet light.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino-terminated diamond surfaces: Photoelectron emission and photocatalytic properties

Zhu

Bandy

et al. 2016

Surface Science

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“…Typically, nitrogen is incorporated into diamond films using activated species, either during the deposition or by post‐deposition processes. The former method consists of introducing N 2 or NH 3 gas during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and the latter method includes low energy N + ion implantation or nitrogen plasma exposure . Among the post‐deposition processes, N + ion implantation is the most popular and widely used method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former method consists of introducing N 2 or NH 3 gas during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and the latter method includes low energy N þ ion implantation or nitrogen plasma exposure [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Among the post-deposition processes, N þ ion implantation is the most popular and widely used method.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation of nitrogen into polycrystalline diamond surfaces by RF plasma nitridation process at different temperatures: Bonding configuration and thermal stabilty studies by in situ XPS and HREELS

Chandran

Shasha

Michaelson

et al. 2015

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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In situ studies of low energy nitrogen species incorporated into diamond films are significant as they could lead to a better understanding of bonding configuration and defects formation of the modified surface. In this report, we investigate the interaction of radio frequency (RF) nitrogen plasma onto a polycrystalline diamond surface at different temperatures (RT, 250, 500, and 750 8C). The influence of RF nitridation temperature on the bonding configuration, thermal stability, and concentrations of incorporated species were systematically investigated by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Our results showed that local bonding configurations were influenced by the temperature of the RF nitridation process. The amount of nitrogen incorporated into the diamond surface decreased as the nitridation process temperature increases. RF nitridation performed at 750 8C showed the absence of reorganization in the local bonding configurations upon annealing to 1000 8C and their thermal stability was also found to be better. HREELS results displayed partial retrieval of the characteristic optical phonon overtone of diamond, after annealing to 500 8C, which indicates that the RF nitridation process was successful in incorporating nitrogen into diamond surface without inducing a graphitic near surface region.

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“…It must be emphasized that in all cases, the maximum amounts of superficial nitrogen and identified amine groups remain low, e.g. 6% [67], 7.4 % [69], 3% [71], and in addition found to be evenly distributed on the surface [68]. The measured amounts by the electrochemical technique designed in this work yield thus low values but one can anticipate improved performances by tuning the deposition conditions, namely by adding ammonia to the sputtering gas at the end of the growth to increase amination of the surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Finally, it is also worthwhile to compare the efficiency of the « natural amination » described in this work by magnetron sputtering in the course of a-CN x elaboration, to the "purposely amination" done by different techniques after synthesis of BDD surfaces: either N 2 [66,67] or NH 3 [68,69] plasma treatments, UV treatments under NH 3 atmosphere [70], or electrochemical treatments in liquid NH 3 [71][72].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of surface amine groups on amorphous carbon nitride thin films using a one step covalent grafting of a redox probe

Jribi¹,

Torresi²,

Augusto³

et al. 2014

Electrochimica Acta

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A fluorocarbonyl terminated ferrocene based redox probe was synthesized and characterized using infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. It was then successfully grafted on various amorphous carbon nitride (a-CN x ) samples (0.12 x 0.27) via the formation of a -CO-NH-type linkage with surface amine groups, whose spontaneous formation on the surface of a-CN x materials was thus proved and exploited. Cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out in an acidic aqueous solution in the presence of this freely diffusing redox probe, in order to identify its electrochemical behavior. By comparison, CV experiments carried out on the modified a-CN x electrodes in the same blank electrolytic solution undoubtedly confirmed the presence of electroactive sub-monolayers, in spite of distortions of the resulting voltammograms. These latter were shown to reflect the influence of bulk atomic nitrogen content on the electrochemical reactivity of a-CN x materials. The grafted surface amine percentage deduced from the charge passed during oxidation of grafted ferrocene moieties was found to decrease from 6.5 % for a-CN 0.12 down to 1.1 % for a-CN 0.27 . This trend is expected to reflect the trend in surface concentration of reactive amine groups as a function of bulk atomic nitrogen content.

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Surface structure and electrochemical characteristics of boron-doped diamond exposed to rf N2-plasma

Cited by 17 publications

References 42 publications

Amino-terminated diamond surfaces: Photoelectron emission and photocatalytic properties

Amino-terminated diamond surfaces: Photoelectron emission and photocatalytic properties

Incorporation of nitrogen into polycrystalline diamond surfaces by RF plasma nitridation process at different temperatures: Bonding configuration and thermal stabilty studies by in situ XPS and HREELS

Determination of surface amine groups on amorphous carbon nitride thin films using a one step covalent grafting of a redox probe

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