Surface strength and mineralogy of weathering crusts on limestone buildings in Budapest

Török, Ákos

doi:10.1016/s0360-1323(03)00072-6

Cited by 95 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The main gaseous pollutants are NO x and SO 2 but air quality has been improved with respect to SO 2 in the past decade. Nevertheless the SO 2 concentration is still double that of Paris or London (Török 2003). After a period of decline in the amount of settling dust a recent increase has been recorded.…”

Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The major difference between the decay mechanism of sandstone and porous limestone is in the dissolution and re-precipitation process. The crust on limestone can form an almost uniform seal with minor or no porosity (Török 2003;Török et al 2007), while in the sandstone case hardening is also a sign of porosity loss, although the pores in sandstone are rarely occluded entirely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By comparing these numbers to the ones obtained from quarry stones , it has been proved that Schmidt hammer rebound values decrease in the following order: white crust, quarry stone, and rock surface below the white crust. Thus white crust formation strengthens the porous limestone surface (Török 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common sedimentary feature of this second limestone type is cross bedding, which is often visible on ashlars. The studied porous limestone types are similar in many aspects to some other porous limestone, such as the British Great Oolite (Monks Park Limestone; Bell 1993), various Jurassic limestone formations of Oxford (Viles 1993), the porous limestone of Cairo (Fitzner et al 2002) or the French Jaumont Limestone (Ausset et al 1999), but are very often much softer, lighter and especially the fine-grained types are more porous (Török 2003). The differences in fabric are also reflected in the physical properties.…”

Section: á Török Central European Geology 50 2007mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, most previous studies have largely focused on the description of processes and decay products of limestone; fewer studies are available analyzing the mineralogical and related physical changes that are triggered by pollution fluxes. The few examples describing the physical changes deal with limestone (Christaras 1991;Török 2002Török , 2003, marble (Christaras 1996), granite (Irfan and Dearman 1978;Kahraman 2001) and rhyolite tuff (Topal and Sözmen 2003;Török et al 2005). The present study classifies weathering features of porous limestone monuments based on their morphology, and also provides data on the mineralogical composition of these forms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Török¹

2007

Central European Geology

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A fine-grained and a medium-grained oolitic limestone of Miocene age were studied on ashlars of monuments in Budapest. The studied buildings are located in a polluted urban environment. The surface alteration is characterized by the presence of white (thin and thick) and black (laminar and framboidal) weathering crusts. Flaking, scaling and blistering are common crust detachment forms. Crust detachment is followed by rapid surface loss in the form of granular disintegration or of secondary crusts stabilizing the stone surface. Non-destructive in situ mechanical tests such as Schmidt hammer rebound and Duroscope clearly document the presence of thin and thick weathering crusts, and the degradation of underlying fine-and medium-grained limestone. Crust formation is associated with a textural change, since precipitation of pore-occluding calcite and gypsum and reduction of porosity in the crust zone has been recorded. Crust detachment is attributed to the crystallization pressure of air pollution-related gypsum, to freeze/thaw cycles, and to differences in mechanical properties of crust and host rock.

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Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: á Török Central European Geology 50 2007mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Török¹

2007

Central European Geology

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Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion

Kumar,

Rani

2023

Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment

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The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

Viles

Goudie

Grab

et al. 2011

Earth Surf Processes Landf

204

168

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Rapid, fi eld-based measurements of rock hardness are of use in investigating many geomorphological and heritage science problems. Several different methods are now available for taking such measurements, but little work has been done to assess their comparability and strengths and weaknesses. We review here the capabilities of two types of Schmidt Hammer (Classic N type and Silver Schmidt BL type) alongside two types of Equotip (standard type D and Piccolo) for investigating rock hardness in relation to rock weathering on various types of sandstone and limestone, as well as basalt and dolerite. Whilst the two Schmidt hammers and the two Equotips show comparable results when tested at 15 individual sites, interesting differences are found between the Equotip and Schmidt Hammer values which may reveal information about the nature of weathering on different surfaces. Operator variance is shown to be an issue in particular for the Equotip devices, which also exhibit higher variability in measurements and necessitate larger sample sizes. Carborundum pre-treatment also has varying effects on the data collected, depending on the nature of the surface studied. The Equotip devices are shown to be particularly useful on smaller blocks and in situations where edge effects may affect Schmidt Hammer readings. We conclude that whilst each device contributes to geomorphological research, they do not necessarily produce comparable information. Indeed, using Schmidt Hammer and Equotip in combination and looking at any differences in results may provide invaluable insights into the structure of the near-surface zones and the nature of weathering processes.

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Surface strength and mineralogy of weathering crusts on limestone buildings in Budapest

Cited by 95 publications

References 17 publications

Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion

The use of the Schmidt Hammer and Equotip for rock hardness assessment in geomorphology and heritage science: a comparative analysis

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