Surface segregation of tetra-N-alkylammonium halides in formamide investigated by angle resolved electron spectroscopy

Holmberg, S.; Yuan, Zhong Cai; Moberg, R.; Siegbahn, Hans

doi:10.1016/0368-2048(88)85003-5

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This observation is in line with the report by Holmberg et al. described above who concluded from ARXPS data that the surface excess increases in the order Bu 4 NCl < Bu 4 NBr < Bu 4 NI for these cationic surfactants . Wang et al.…”

Section: Concentration Depth Profilessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The first quantitative results were reported by the group of Hans Siegbahn, the son of Kai Siegbahn, who won in 1981 the Nobel Prize for Physics for inventing X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) – or Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) as it was called at that time. His group was the first to apply angle resolved electron spectroscopy for analysing the structure of a surfactant solution . The solutions investigated were tetra‐N‐alkylammonium halide salts ‐ with 1 to 6 C atoms per alkyl chain ‐ in the solvent formamide.…”

Section: Concentration Depth Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamics and structure of liquid surfaces investigated directly with surface analytical tools**

Andersson

Morgner²

2017

Annalen der Physik

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Measuring directly the composition, the distribution of constituents as function of the depth and the orientation of molecules at liquid surfaces is essential for determining physicochemical properties of liquid surfaces. While the experimental tools that have been developed for analyzing solid surfaces can in principal be applied to liquid surfaces, it turned out that they had to be adjusted to the particular challenges imposed by liquid samples, e.g. by the unavoidable vapor pressure and by the mobility of the constituting atoms/molecules. In the present work it is shown, how electron spectroscopy and ion scattering spectroscopy have been used for analyzing liquid surfaces. The emphasis of this review is on using the structural information gained for determining the physicochemical properties of liquid surfaces.

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Section: Concentration Depth Profilessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Concentration Depth Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics and structure of liquid surfaces investigated directly with surface analytical tools**

Andersson

Morgner²

2017

Annalen der Physik

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“…The cation is the major ion in the first layer, but the anion has a higher fraction in the deeper layers. The distributions of anion and cation are quite different but not identical as assumed in previous references 11, 12, 14. Additionally, the sharply decreasing fraction of cation represented by carbon in the first two layers indicates there might be a preferred orientation for it present on the surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…With this technique, the fractional concentration‐depth profiles of components near the surface can be reconstructed and the surface structure can be described at molecular level. It has been adopted to investigate the surface structure of ionic surfactant solution for many decades 11–14. In the previous references,11, 12 with ARXPS, the fractional concentration‐depth profiles quaternary ammonium surfactants have been reconstructed as an exponential function, under the assumption that ions with opposite charge have an identical distribution near the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface structure of cationic surfactant solutions investigated by angular resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy with calibrated transmission function

Wang

Morgner

2011

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The main goal of the present work is to investigate the surface structure of cationic surfactant solutions by angular resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) after calibrating transmission function of the spectrometer. We have estimated the transmission function of the ARXPS spectrometer, and with it, we investigated solution of tetrabutylammonium iodide in a nonaqueous polar solvent. By genetic algorithm, the fractional concentration-depth profiles of constituents were reconstructed. These depth profiles evidence the enrichment of surfactant and the depletion of solvent in the surface regime and verify the separate distributions of oppositely charged surfactant ions. From those profiles we draw a conclusion that there is a preferred orientation for cation present at the surface, and the possibility for cation to take this orientation is related to its surface amount.

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“…An experiment that allows the segregation profile to be determined in an autonomous way on the basis of microscopic information has been performed for solutions by Siegbahn et al [5][6][7] by means of angular resolved ESCA. As pointed out [5] this method has the potential to yield the segregation profile independently of any assumption about its shape, but the authors state that this attempt requires extremely accurate experimental data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface segregation of a binary liquid mixture as studied by metastable impact electron spectroscopy

et al. 1991

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We have investigated the free liquid surface of a binary mixture of formamide and benzylalcohol using MIES (= metastable impact electron spectroscopy) and UPS. Whereas the latter samples information down to a depth of ~ 6A the method MIES is sensitive exclusively for the topmost molecular layer. The combination of both techniques allows us to determine the parameters of an exponential segregation profile. As expected from its smaller surface tension benzylalcohol is strongly enriched at the surface. The segregation depth is greatest (~ 12 A) at small molar fractions of benzylalcohol. Once the segregation profile is established it is straightforward to compute the surface excess. We find very good agreement with the prediction of the Gibbs equation.

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Surface segregation of tetra-N-alkylammonium halides in formamide investigated by angle resolved electron spectroscopy

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

Thermodynamics and structure of liquid surfaces investigated directly with surface analytical tools**

Thermodynamics and structure of liquid surfaces investigated directly with surface analytical tools**

Surface structure of cationic surfactant solutions investigated by angular resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy with calibrated transmission function

Surface segregation of a binary liquid mixture as studied by metastable impact electron spectroscopy

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