We correlate linear optical reflectance spectra with scanning tunnelling microscopy data to observe the restructuring of a stepped Cu(110) surface by exposure to molecular oxygen. Restructuring is found on the atomic and nanometer length scales. The (2 × 1)-O added row structure is formed on the stepped Cu(110) surface, independent of the occupancy of the lower lying surface state atȲ . We find that heating the (2 × 1)-O surface results in further and considerable restructuring of the surface.