Surface plasmon coupled light-emitting diode: Experimental and numerical studies

Abstract

First, the experimental implementations and theoretical/numerical investigations of surface plasmon (SP) coupled InGaN/GaN quantum-well lightemitting diodes (LEDs) are reviewed. If the p-GaN layer in an LED can be thin, surface metal nanoparticle (NP) is an inexpensive structure for inducing effective SP coupling. When the p-GaN layer is thick, a few metal structures, including metal protrusion, buried metal NP, and embedded metal NP, can be used for effective SP coupling. In the numerical study, an algorithm, including the feedback effect of the induced SP resonance on the radiating behavior of the source dipole, has been proposed for studying the SP coupling effects with an embedded metal NP, a surface metal NP, and a metal protrusion. Then, the theoretical formulations and numerical algorithms for evaluating the radiated power enhancement in the coupling process between two radiating dipoles and the localized surface plasmon (LSP) induced on a nearby Ag NP are built. Three mechanisms are considered in the coupling process for radiated power enhancement, including the interference of the two phase-retarded radiation contributions from the two dipoles, the interaction between the two dipoles, and the LSP resonant coupling.

Study on Electron-Induced Surface Plasmon Coupling with Quantum Well Using a Perturbation Method

“…The peak value of F p increases monotonously as ϕ increases from 0 • to 180 • . It means the polarized angle of dipole takes an important role in the coupling system of e-beam-LSP-QW [25,27,30]. For comparison, F p for the q-dipole without the Ag NP or the z-dipole is also calculated, as shown in Figure 5b,c.…”

“…Figure 3 shows the schematic simulation model. The QW is represented by a point dipole (labeled as q-dipole) polarized within the QW-plane (x-y plane) [13,25,27,29]. The polarized angle between the q-dipole orientation and x-axis, ϕ is set to vary from 0 • to 180 • .…”

“…Energy transferring in the plasmonic system has been paid much attention to for revealing the coupling mechanisms between SP and radiators [1,13,[22][23][24][25]. The total input energy transfers to SP radiating energy, SP dissipation energy, and radiators' radiative and non-radiative recombination energies.…”

“…The best practical results are only two-times enhancement for electroluminescence (EL) intensities [26] and modulation bandwidth [17] using the SP coupling to the InGaN QWs. Finite element method (FEM) numerical simulations are widely used to study on the coupling of SP and radiators [13,15,25,[27][28][29][30]. In the simulation model, the radiators are often approximated as simple dipoles.…”

Enhancement of the Modulation Response of Quantum-Dot-Based Down-Converted Light through Surface Plasmon Coupling

“…With the excitation condition fixed, in an SP coupling process, the energy of the emission enhancement originates from that of the intrinsic defect-induced non-radiative recombination. In other words, the intrinsic non-radiative recombination energy in a QW or QD is converted into photon emission through SP coupling [ 32 ]. Therefore, SP coupling can enhance the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of a QW or QD [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”