“…The oxidative environment produced by the UV ozone cleaner is clearly different to that of either plasma treatment, resulting in mixed Cu 1+ and Cu 2+ states. Yang et al studied the roles of ozone [ 18 ] and ClO 2 [ 19 ] as oxidants for the efficient leaching of Cu 2 O (cuprite). They found that ozone exposure of natural cuprite led to a chemically shifted component 1.7 eV higher in binding energy, with the two components ascribed to Cu 2 O and CuO, plus a broader satellite peak.…”