Surface mounted and scanning periodic field eddy-current sensors for structural health monitoring

Goldfine, Neil; Schlicker, Darrell; Sheiretov, Yanko; Washabaugh, Andrew; Zilberstein, Vladimir; Grundy, David

doi:10.1109/aero.2002.1036155

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Additionally, the software and signal conditioning tools necessary to locate and image the damage was far too complicated to efficiently function in a SHM system. Goldfine et al [8] performed a similar study, in which the authors used MWM sensors to identify cracks induced in an aluminum specimen subjected to bending fatigue. The results of the study showed that the cracks could be detected but once again the sensor was required to be positioned directly above the damage location.…”

Section: Cost In Billions Of Dollarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Automated Eddy Current Structural Health Monitoring Technique with an Extended Sensing Region for Corrosion Detection

Sodano

2007

Structural Health Monitoring

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The process of performing nondestructive evaluation (NDE) on a structural system is a well developed and continuously growing field. One very prominent method of performing NDE on a structure is through the use of eddy currents. Eddy current NDE methods are commonly applied to aircraft during maintenance checks in order to identify the formation of cracks, corrosion, or degradation of rivets. Structural health monitoring (SHM) takes NDE a step further and is a process of periodically or continuously monitoring and assessing the performance and safety of a structural system based on data obtained from a sensing system integrated into the structure. Here a method of integrating an eddy current sensing system into the structure such that the structure can be remotely monitored in an automated way is developed. The development of this sensor technology is novel because it can be automated and has a sensing region far larger than the sensor footprint. While earlier studies have integrated eddy current NDE sensors into various structures, all of these studies have developed sensors that can only detect damage directly under the sensor location, which makes SHM of the structure unrealistic. The eddy current senor is demonstrated to identify both corrosion and damage in the form of a small hole well outside the sensors footprint. Furthermore, the statistical variation in the measurements is shown to be very small making the ability to distinguish real damage from false predictions.

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Section: Cost In Billions Of Dollarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Automated Eddy Current Structural Health Monitoring Technique with an Extended Sensing Region for Corrosion Detection

Sodano

2007

Structural Health Monitoring

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“…To address the different SHM levels, a variety of SHM techniques is available, including, but not limited to, acoustic emission (AE), 1,2 guided waves, 3–5 strain sensing, 6,7 vibration-based methods, 8–10 eddy currents, 11–13 and electrical impedance tomography. 14–16 Each technique has its own strengths and the selection of SHM techniques should rely on its application purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusion-based damage diagnostics for stiffened composite panels

Broer

Galanopoulos

Benedictus

et al. 2021

Structural Health Monitoring

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Conducting damage diagnostics on stiffened panels is commonly performed using a single SHM technique. However, each SHM technique has both its strengths and limitations. Rather than straining the expansion of single SHM techniques going beyond their intrinsic capacities, these strengths and limitations should instead be considered in their application. In this work, we propose a novel fusion-based methodology between data from two SHM techniques in order to surpass the capabilities of a single SHM technique. The aim is to show that by considering data fusion, a synergy can be obtained, resulting in a comprehensive damage assessment, not possible using a single SHM technique. For this purpose, three single-stiffener carbon–epoxy panels were subjected to fatigue compression after impact tests. Two SHM techniques monitored damage growth under the applied fatigue loads: acoustic emission and distributed fiber optic strain sensing. Four acoustic emission sensors were placed on each panel, thereby allowing for damage detection, localization, type identification (delamination), and severity assessment. The optical fibers were adhered to the stiffener feet’ surface, and its strain measurements were used for damage detection, disbond localization, damage type identification (stiffness degradation and disbond growth), and severity assessment. Different fusion techniques are presented in order to integrate the acoustic emission and strain data. For damage detection and severity assessment, a hybrid health indicator is obtained by feature-level fusion while a complementary and cooperative fusion of the diagnostic results is developed for damage localization and type identification. We show that damage growth can be monitored up until final failure, thereby performing a simultaneous damage assessment on all four SHM levels. In this manner, we demonstrate that by proposing a fusion-based approach toward SHM of composite structures, the intrinsic capacity of each SHM technique can be utilized, leading to synergistic effects for damage diagnostics.

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“…Jentek Sensors developed a meandering winding magnetometer (MWM) sensor by using the flexible circuit manufacturing process, and that sensor is suitable for detecting the damage and thickness of conductive materials. The sensor has been used for stress monitoring and structural fatigue crack monitoring of ferromagnetic materials [17] and structural fatigue crack monitoring [18]. Rakow et al [19] developed a SHM bolt that consists of an eddy current sensor film integrated with the bolt, and it was used for crack monitoring of a bolt hole in a wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annular flexible eddy current array (A-FECA) sensor for quantitative monitoring of cracks in ferromagnetic steels under varying loads and temperatures

Song

Chen

Cui

et al. 2020

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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In this study, we investigated an annular flexible eddy current array sensor for quantitative monitoring of cracks in ferromagnetic steels under varying loads and temperatures. First, the sensor was designed to monitor the length of cracks in ferromagnetic materials. Using numerical simulations, the effects of permeability, lift-off distance, and conductivity on the response of the sensor were studied. Simulation results showed that when the rate of increase in conductivity and the decrease in permeability were the same, it had the same effect on the trans-impedance response of the sensor. Based on this relation, a new sensor with a reference channel was proposed. At the same time, a new signal, ΔP, for ferromagnetic materials was defined to improve sensitivity to the cracks and to remove the influence of temperature variations. Then, simulated crack-monitoring experiments were carried out to verify the sensitivity of the new sensor. The results showed that the sensitivity of the new sensor improved more than three times that of the original. Moreover, to verify the temperature-compensation capability of the new sensor, a temperature experiment was carried out. When the ambient temperature increased from −20 °C to 70 °C, the ΔP signal remained almost unchanged, which did not affect the monitoring of cracks. Subsequently, quantitative monitoring of cracks in a ferromagnetic steel structure under varying loads was performed. Varying the load was found to change the permeability of ferromagnetic materials, which can result in fluctuations of the output signals. Because of the higher sensitivity of the optimized sensor, the sensor can achieve quantitative monitoring of cracks under various loads. Finally, a crack-monitoring experiment under environmental temperature interference was carried out. The sensor could provide quantitative monitoring of the cracks in ferromagnetic steels under varying environmental temperatures and loads.

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Surface mounted and scanning periodic field eddy-current sensors for structural health monitoring

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Development of an Automated Eddy Current Structural Health Monitoring Technique with an Extended Sensing Region for Corrosion Detection

Development of an Automated Eddy Current Structural Health Monitoring Technique with an Extended Sensing Region for Corrosion Detection

Fusion-based damage diagnostics for stiffened composite panels

Annular flexible eddy current array (A-FECA) sensor for quantitative monitoring of cracks in ferromagnetic steels under varying loads and temperatures

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